Nginx
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server {
root /etc/nginx;
location /hello.txt {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/;
}
}
The root directive specifies the root folder for Nginx. In the above example, the root folder is
/etc/nginx which means that we can reach files within that folder. The above configuration does not have a location for / (location / {...}), only for /hello.txt. Because of this, the root directive will be globally set, meaning that requests to / will take you to the local path /etc/nginx.A request as simple as
GET /nginx.conf would reveal the contents of the Nginx configuration file stored in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf. If the root is set to /etc, a GET request to /nginx/nginx.conf would reveal the configuration file. In some cases it is possible to reach other configuration files, access-logs and even encrypted credentials for HTTP basic authentication.Inside the Nginx configuration look the "location" statements, if someone looks like:
location /imgs {
alias /path/images/;
}
There is a LFI vulnerability because:
/imgs../flag.txt
Transforms to:
/path/images/../flag.txt
The correct configuration will be:
location /imgs/ {
alias /path/images/;
}
So, if you find some Nginx server you should check for this vulnerability. Also, you can discover it if you find that the files/directories brute force is behaving weird.
Accunetix tests:
alias../ => HTTP status code 403
alias.../ => HTTP status code 404
alias../../ => HTTP status code 403
alias../../../../../../../../../../../ => HTTP status code 400
alias../ => HTTP status code 403
An example of a vulnerable Nginx configuration is:
location / {
return 302 https://example.com$uri;
}
The new line characters for HTTP requests are \r (Carriage Return) and \n (Line Feed). URL-encoding the new line characters results in the following representation of the characters
%0d%0a. When these characters are included in a request like http://localhost/%0d%0aDetectify:%20clrf to a server with the misconfiguration, the server will respond with a new header named Detectify since the $uri variable contains the URL-decoded new line characters.HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
Server: nginx/1.19.3
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 145
Connection: keep-alive
Location: https://example.com/
Detectify: clrf
Learn more about the risks of CRLF injection and response splitting at https://blog.detectify.com/2019/06/14/http-response-splitting-exploitations-and-mitigations/.
In some cases, user-supplied data can be treated as an Nginx variable. It’s unclear why this may be happening, but it’s not that uncommon or easy to test for as seen in this H1 report. If we search for the error message, we can see that it is found in the SSI filter module, thus revealing that this is due to SSI.
One way to test for this is to set a referer header value:
$ curl -H ‘Referer: bar’ http://localhost/foo$http_referer | grep ‘foobar’
We scanned for this misconfiguration and found several instances where a user could print the value of Nginx variables. The number of found vulnerable instances has declined which could indicate that this was patched.
With Nginx’s
proxy_pass, there’s the possibility to intercept errors and HTTP headers created by the backend. This is very useful if you want to hide internal error messages and headers so they are instead handled by Nginx. Nginx will automatically serve a custom error page if the backend answers with one. But what if Nginx does not understand that it’s an HTTP response?If a client sends an invalid HTTP request to Nginx, that request will be forwarded as-is to the backend, and the backend will answer with its raw content. Then, Nginx won’t understand the invalid HTTP response and just forward it to the client. Imagine a uWSGI application like this:
def application(environ, start_response):
start_response('500 Error', [('Content-Type',
'text/html'),('Secret-Header','secret-info')])
return [b"Secret info, should not be visible!"]
And with the following directives in Nginx:
http {
error_page 500 /html/error.html;
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_hide_header Secret-Header;
}
proxy_intercept_errors will serve a custom response if the backend has a response status greater than 300. In our uWSGI application above, we will send a
500 Error which would be intercepted by Nginx.proxy_hide_header is pretty much self explanatory; it will hide any specified HTTP header from the client.
If we send a normal
GET request, Nginx will return:HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Server: nginx/1.10.3
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 34
Connection: close
But if we send an invalid HTTP request, such as:
GET /? XTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1
Connection: close
We will get the following response:
XTTP/1.1 500 Error
Content-Type: text/html
Secret-Header: secret-info
Secret info, should not be visible!
The merge_slashes directive is set to “on” by default which is a mechanism to compress two or more forward slashes into one, so
/// would become /. If Nginx is used as a reverse-proxy and the application that’s being proxied is vulnerable to local file inclusion, using extra slashes in the request could leave room for exploit it. This is described in detail by Danny Robinson and Rotem Bar.We found 33 Nginx configuration files with
merge_slashes set to “off”.It looks like common case when
map is used for some kind of authorization control. Simplified example could look like:http {
...
map $uri $mappocallow {
/map-poc/private 0;
/map-poc/secret 0;
/map-poc/public 1;
}
...
}
server {
...
location /map-poc {
if ($mappocallow = 0) {return 403;}
return 200 "Hello. It is private area: $mappocallow";
}
...
}
default value sets the resulting value if the source value matches none of the specified variants. When default is not specified, the default resulting value will be an empty string.
It is easy to forget about
default value. So malefactor can bypass this "authorization control" simply accessing a non existent case inside /map-poc like https://targethost.com/map-poc/another-private-area.According to this post: http://blog.zorinaq.com/nginx-resolver-vulns/ It might be possible to spoof DNS records to Nginx if you know the DNS server Nginx is using (and you can intercept somehow the communication, so this is not valid if 127.0.0.1 is used) and the domain it's asking.
Nginx can specify a DNS server to use with:
resolver 8.8.8.8;
The
proxy_pass directive can be used to redirect internally requests to other servers internal or external.
The internal directive is used to make it clear to Nginx that the location can only be accessed internally.The use of these directives isn't a vulnerability but you should check how are them configured.
If the nginx server is configured to pass the Upgrade and Connection headers an h2c Smuggling attack could be performed to access protected/internal endpoints.
This vulnerability would allow an attacker to stablish a direct connection with the
proxy_pass endpoint (http://backend:9999 in this case) that whose content is not going to be checked by nginx.server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl_certificate /usr/local/nginx/conf/cert.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /usr/local/nginx/conf/privkey.pem;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend:9999;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $http_connection;
}
location /flag {
deny all;
}
Note that even if the
proxy_pass was pointing to a specific path such as http://backend:9999/socket.io the connection will be stablished with http://backend:9999 so you can contact any other path inside that internal endpoint. So it doesn't matter if a path is specified in the URL of proxy_pass.Detectify has created a GitHub repository where you can use Docker to set up your own vulnerable Nginx test server with some of the misconfigurations discussed in this article and try finding them yourself!
Gixy is a tool to analyze Nginx configuration. The main goal of Gixy is to prevent security misconfiguration and automate flaw detection.
Nginxpwner is a simple tool to look for common Nginx misconfigurations and vulnerabilities.
DragonJAR Security Conference es un evento internacional de ciberseguridad con más de una década que se celebrará el 7 y 8 de septiembre de 2023 en Bogotá, Colombia. Es un evento de gran contenido técnico donde se presentan las últimas investigaciones en español que atrae a hackers e investigadores de todo el mundo.
¡Regístrate ahora en el siguiente enlace y no te pierdas esta gran conferencia!:
- Do you work in a cybersecurity company? Do you want to see your company advertised in HackTricks? or do you want to have access to the latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF? Check the SUBSCRIPTION PLANS!
Last modified 1mo ago