SSH or Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network protocol that gives users a secure way to access a computer over an unsecured network.
Default port: 22
22/tcp open ssh syn-ack
SSH servers:
openSSH – OpenBSD SSH, shipped in BSD, Linux distributions and Windows since Windows 10
Dropbear – SSH implementation for environments with low memory and processor resources, shipped in OpenWrt
PuTTY – SSH implementation for Windows, the client is commonly used but the use of the server is rarer
CopSSH – implementation of OpenSSH for Windows
SSH libraries (implementing server-side):
wolfSSH – SSHv2 server library written in ANSI C and targeted for embedded, RTOS, and resource-constrained environments
Apache MINA SSHD – Apache SSHD java library is based on Apache MINA
paramiko – Python SSHv2 protocol library
nc -vn <IP> 22
ssh-audit is a tool for ssh server & client configuration auditing.
https://github.com/jtesta/ssh-audit is an updated fork from https://github.com/arthepsy/ssh-audit/
Features:
SSH1 and SSH2 protocol server support;
analyze SSH client configuration;
grab banner, recognize device or software and operating system, detect compression;
gather key-exchange, host-key, encryption and message authentication code algorithms;
output algorithm information (available since, removed/disabled, unsafe/weak/legacy, etc);
output algorithm recommendations (append or remove based on recognized software version);
output security information (related issues, assigned CVE list, etc);
analyze SSH version compatibility based on algorithm information;
historical information from OpenSSH, Dropbear SSH and libssh;
runs on Linux and Windows;
no dependencies
usage: ssh-audit.py [-1246pbcnjvlt] <host>-1, --ssh1 force ssh version 1 only-2, --ssh2 force ssh version 2 only-4, --ipv4 enable IPv4 (order of precedence)-6, --ipv6 enable IPv6 (order of precedence)-p, --port=<port> port to connect-b, --batch batch output-c, --client-audit starts a server on port 2222 to audit clientsoftware config (use -p to change port;use -t to change timeout)-n, --no-colors disable colors-j, --json JSON output-v, --verbose verbose output-l, --level=<level> minimum output level (info|warn|fail)-t, --timeout=<secs> timeout (in seconds) for connection and reading(default: 5)$ python3 ssh-audit <IP>
See it in action (Asciinema)
ssh-keyscan -t rsa <IP> -p <PORT>
This is discovered by default by nmap. But you can also use sslcan or sslyze.
ssh
In some versions of OpenSSH you can make a timing attack to enumerate users. You can use a metasploit module in order to exploit this:
msf> use scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers
Some common ssh credentials here and here and below.
If you know some ssh private key that could be used... lets try it. You can use the nmap script:
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/ssh-publickey-acceptance.html
Or the MSF auxiliary module:
msf> use scanner/ssh/ssh_identify_pubkeys
You should look here in order to search for valid keys for the victim machine.
crackmapexec using the ssh
protocol can use the option --kerberos
to authenticate via kerberos.
For more info run crackmapexec ssh --help
.
Vendor | Usernames | Passwords |
APC | apc, device | apc |
Brocade | admin | admin123, password, brocade, fibranne |
Cisco | admin, cisco, enable, hsa, pix, pnadmin, ripeop, root, shelladmin | admin, Admin123, default, password, secur4u, cisco, Cisco, _Cisco, cisco123, C1sco!23, Cisco123, Cisco1234, TANDBERG, change_it, 12345, ipics, pnadmin, diamond, hsadb, c, cc, attack, blender, changeme |
Citrix | root, nsroot, nsmaint, vdiadmin, kvm, cli, admin | C1trix321, nsroot, nsmaint, kaviza, kaviza123, freebsd, public, rootadmin, wanscaler |
D-Link | admin, user | private, admin, user |
Dell | root, user1, admin, vkernel, cli | calvin, 123456, password, vkernel, Stor@ge!, admin |
EMC | admin, root, sysadmin | EMCPMAdm7n, Password#1, Password123#, sysadmin, changeme, emc |
HP/3Com | admin, root, vcx, app, spvar, manage, hpsupport, opc_op | admin, password, hpinvent, iMC123, pvadmin, passw0rd, besgroup, vcx, nice, access, config, 3V@rpar, 3V#rpar, procurve, badg3r5, OpC_op, !manage, !admin |
Huawei | admin, root | 123456, admin, root, Admin123, Admin@storage, Huawei12#$, HwDec@01, hwosta2.0, HuaWei123, fsp200@HW, huawei123 |
IBM | USERID, admin, manager, mqm, db2inst1, db2fenc1, dausr1, db2admin, iadmin, system, device, ufmcli, customer | PASSW0RD, passw0rd, admin, password, Passw8rd, iadmin, apc, 123456, cust0mer |
Juniper | netscreen | netscreen |
NetApp | admin | netapp123 |
Oracle | root, oracle, oravis, applvis, ilom-admin, ilom-operator, nm2user | changeme, ilom-admin, ilom-operator, welcome1, oracle |
VMware | vi-admin, root, hqadmin, vmware, admin | vmware, vmw@re, hqadmin, default |
By default most SSH server implementation will allow root login, it is advised to disable it because if the credentials of this accounts leaks, attackers will get administrative privileges directly and this will also allow attackers to conduct bruteforce attacks on this account.
How to disable root login for openSSH:
Edit SSH server configuration sudoedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Change #PermitRootLogin yes
into PermitRootLogin no
Take into account configuration changes: sudo systemctl daemon-reload
Restart the SSH server sudo systemctl restart sshd
Another common SSH misconfiguration is often seen in SFTP configuration. Most of the time when creating a SFTP server the administrator want users to have a SFTP access to share files but not to get a remote shell on the machine. So they think that creating a user, attributing him a placeholder shell (like /usr/bin/nologin
or /usr/bin/false
) and chrooting him in a jail is enough to avoid a shell access or abuse on the whole file system. But they are wrong, a user can ask to execute a command right after authentication before it’s default command or shell is executed. So to bypass the placeholder shell that will deny shell access, one only has to ask to execute a command (eg. /bin/bash
) before, just by doing:
$ ssh -v noraj@192.168.1.94 id...Password:debug1: Authentication succeeded (keyboard-interactive).Authenticated to 192.168.1.94 ([192.168.1.94]:22).debug1: channel 0: new [client-session]debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.comdebug1: Entering interactive session.debug1: pledge: networkdebug1: client_input_global_request: rtype hostkeys-00@openssh.com want_reply 0debug1: Sending command: iddebug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype exit-status reply 0debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype eow@openssh.com reply 0uid=1000(noraj) gid=100(users) groups=100(users)debug1: channel 0: free: client-session, nchannels 1Transferred: sent 2412, received 2480 bytes, in 0.1 secondsBytes per second: sent 43133.4, received 44349.5debug1: Exit status 0$ ssh noraj@192.168.1.94 /bin/bash
Here is an example of secure SFTP configuration (/etc/ssh/sshd_config
– openSSH) for the user noraj
:
Match User norajChrootDirectory %hForceCommand internal-sftpAllowTcpForwarding noPermitTunnel noX11Forwarding noPermitTTY no
This configuration will allow only SFTP: disabling shell access by forcing the start command and disabling TTY access but also disabling all kind of port forwarding or tunneling.
If you have access to a SFTP server you can also tunnel your traffic through this for example using the common port forwarding:
sudo ssh -L <local_port>:<remote_host>:<remote_port> -N -f <username>@<ip_compromised>
The sftp have the command "symlink". Therefor, if you have writable rights in some folder, you can create symlinks of other folders/files. As you are probably trapped inside a chroot this won't be specially useful for you, but, if you can access the created symlink from a no-chroot service (for example, if you can access the symlink from the web), you could open the symlinked files through the web.
For example, to create a symlink from a new file "froot" to "/":
sftp> symlink / froot
If you can access the file "froot" via web, you will be able to list the root ("/") folder of the system.
On high security environment it’s a common practice to enable only key-based or two factor authentication rather than the simple factor password based authentication. But often the stronger authentication methods are enabled without disabling the weaker ones. A frequent case is enabling publickey
on openSSH configuration and setting it as the default method but not disabling password
. So by using the verbose mode of the SSH client an attacker can see that a weaker method is enabled:
$ ssh -v 192.168.1.94OpenSSH_8.1p1, OpenSSL 1.1.1d 10 Sep 2019...debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive
For example if an authentication failure limit is set and you never get the chance to reach the password method, you can use the PreferredAuthentications
option to force to use this method.
$ ssh -v 192.168.1.94 -o PreferredAuthentications=password...debug1: Next authentication method: password
Review the SSH server configuration is necessary to check that only expected methods are authorized. Using the verbose mode on the client can help to see the effectiveness of the configuration.
ssh_configsshd_configauthorized_keysssh_known_hostsknown_hostsid_rsa
You can find interesting guides on how to harden SSH in https://www.ssh-audit.com/hardening_guides.html