Swahili - Ht
HackTricks Training Twitter Linkedin Sponsor

Seccomp

Jifunze kuhusu kudukua AWS kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Njia nyingine za kusaidia HackTricks:

Taarifa Msingi

Seccomp, inayosimama kwa Secure Computing mode, ni kipengele cha usalama cha kernel ya Linux kilichoundwa kufanya uchujaji wa wito wa mfumo. Inazuia michakato kwa seti ndogo ya wito wa mfumo (exit(), sigreturn(), read(), na write()) kwa file descriptors zilizofunguliwa tayari. Ikiwa mchakato unajaribu kuita kitu kingine chochote, unakomeshwa na kernel kwa kutumia SIGKILL au SIGSYS. Mfumo huu haufanyi upya rasilimali lakini unaisolate michakato kutoka kwazo.

Kuna njia mbili za kuwezesha seccomp: kupitia wito wa mfumo wa prctl(2) na PR_SET_SECCOMP, au kwa kernel za Linux 3.17 na zaidi, wito wa mfumo wa seccomp(2). Njia ya zamani ya kuwezesha seccomp kwa kuandika kwenye /proc/self/seccomp imepitwa na wakati na badala yake kutumia prctl().

Kuboresha, seccomp-bpf, inaongeza uwezo wa kuchuja wito wa mfumo kwa kutumia sera inayoweza kubadilishwa, kwa kutumia sheria za Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF). Programu kama OpenSSH, vsftpd, na vivinjari vya Chrome/Chromium kwenye Chrome OS na Linux hutumia kipengele hiki cha kuchuja wito wa mfumo kwa njia inayoweza kubadilika na yenye ufanisi, kutoa mbadala kwa systrace ambayo sasa haipatikani tena kwa Linux.

Njia ya Asili/Inayodhibitiwa

Katika hali hii, Seccomp inaruhusu tu wito wa mfumo exit(), sigreturn(), read() na write() kwa file descriptors zilizofunguliwa tayari. Ikiwa wito wa mfumo mwingine wowote unafanywa, mchakato unauawa kwa kutumia SIGKILL.

seccomp_strict.c
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>

//From https://sysdig.com/blog/selinux-seccomp-falco-technical-discussion/
//gcc seccomp_strict.c -o seccomp_strict

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int output = open("output.txt", O_WRONLY);
const char *val = "test";

//enables strict seccomp mode
printf("Calling prctl() to set seccomp strict mode...\n");
prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT);

//This is allowed as the file was already opened
printf("Writing to an already open file...\n");
write(output, val, strlen(val)+1);

//This isn't allowed
printf("Trying to open file for reading...\n");
int input = open("output.txt", O_RDONLY);

printf("You will not see this message--the process will be killed first\n");
}

Seccomp-bpf

Hii hali inaruhusu uchujaji wa wito wa mfumo kwa kutumia sera inayoweza kusanidiwa iliyotekelezwa kwa kutumia sheria za Berkeley Packet Filter.

seccomp_bpf.c
#include <seccomp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>

//https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/168452/how-is-sandboxing-implemented/175373
//gcc seccomp_bpf.c -o seccomp_bpf -lseccomp

void main(void) {
/* initialize the libseccomp context */
scmp_filter_ctx ctx = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_KILL);

/* allow exiting */
printf("Adding rule : Allow exit_group\n");
seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(exit_group), 0);

/* allow getting the current pid */
//printf("Adding rule : Allow getpid\n");
//seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(getpid), 0);

printf("Adding rule : Deny getpid\n");
seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EBADF), SCMP_SYS(getpid), 0);
/* allow changing data segment size, as required by glibc */
printf("Adding rule : Allow brk\n");
seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(brk), 0);

/* allow writing up to 512 bytes to fd 1 */
printf("Adding rule : Allow write upto 512 bytes to FD 1\n");
seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(write), 2,
SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, 1),
SCMP_A2(SCMP_CMP_LE, 512));

/* if writing to any other fd, return -EBADF */
printf("Adding rule : Deny write to any FD except 1 \n");
seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EBADF), SCMP_SYS(write), 1,
SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_NE, 1));

/* load and enforce the filters */
printf("Load rules and enforce \n");
seccomp_load(ctx);
seccomp_release(ctx);
//Get the getpid is denied, a weird number will be returned like
//this process is -9
printf("this process is %d\n", getpid());
}

Seccomp katika Docker

Seccomp-bpf inasaidiwa na Docker ili kuzuia syscalls kutoka kwenye kontena na kupunguza eneo la hatari kwa ufanisi. Unaweza kupata syscalls zilizozuiliwa kwa chaguo-msingi katika https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/seccomp/ na seccomp profile ya chaguo-msingi inaweza kupatikana hapa https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json. Unaweza kuendesha kontena ya docker na sera ya seccomp tofauti na:

docker run --rm \
-it \
--security-opt seccomp=/path/to/seccomp/profile.json \
hello-world

Ikiwa unataka, kwa mfano, kuzuia chombo cha kutekeleza baadhi ya syscall kama vile uname unaweza kupakua maelezo ya msingi kutoka https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json na tu ondoa neno uname kutoka orodha. Ikiwa unataka kuhakikisha kwamba baadhi ya faili za binary hazifanyi kazi ndani ya kontena ya docker unaweza kutumia strace kuorodhesha syscalls ambazo faili ya binary inatumia na kisha kuzizuia. Katika mfano ufuatao, syscalls za uname zinagunduliwa:

docker run -it --security-opt seccomp=default.json modified-ubuntu strace uname

Ikiwa unatumia Docker tu kuendesha programu, unaweza kuipima na strace na ruhusu tu syscalls inayohitaji

Mfano wa sera ya Seccomp

Mfano kutoka hapa

Ili kuelezea kipengele cha Seccomp, hebu tujenge maelezo ya Seccomp yanayozuia wito wa mfumo wa "chmod" kama ifuatavyo.

{
"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW",
"syscalls": [
{
"name": "chmod",
"action": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO"
}
]
}

Katika wasifu uliopita, tumeweka hatua ya msingi kuwa "ruhusu" na tumeunda orodha nyeusi ya kuzima "chmod". Ili kuwa salama zaidi, tunaweza kuweka hatua ya msingi kuwa "ondoa" na kuunda orodha nyeupe ya kuwezesha wito wa mfumo kwa uchaguzi. Matokeo yanayofuata yanaweka wito wa "chmod" ukirudi kosa kwa sababu umewezeshwa katika wasifu wa seccomp.

$ docker run --rm -it --security-opt seccomp:/home/smakam14/seccomp/profile.json busybox chmod 400 /etc/hosts
chmod: /etc/hosts: Operation not permitted

Matokeo yafuatayo yanaweka wazi "docker inspect" yanayoonyesha maelezo ya wasifu:

"SecurityOpt": [
"seccomp:{\"defaultAction\":\"SCMP_ACT_ALLOW\",\"syscalls\":[{\"name\":\"chmod\",\"action\":\"SCMP_ACT_ERRNO\"}]}"
],

Kuzima katika Docker

Zindua chombo na bendera: --security-opt seccomp=unconfined

Kuanzia Kubernetes 1.19, seccomp imeamilishwa kwa chaguo-msingi kwa Pods zote. Walakini, maelezo ya seccomp ya chaguo-msingi yanayotumiwa kwa Pods ni maelezo ya "RuntimeDefault", ambayo hutolewa na runtime ya chombo (k.m., Docker, containerd). Maelezo ya "RuntimeDefault" inaruhusu wito wa mfumo wengi wakati inazuia wachache ambao wanachukuliwa kuwa hatari au kwa ujumla sio lazima kwa vyombo.

Jifunze kuhusu kudukua AWS kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Njia nyingine za kusaidia HackTricks:

PreviousUTS NamespaceNextWeaponizing Distroless

Last updated