Access Tokens

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Access Tokens
Each user logged onto the system holds an access token with security information for that logon session. The system creates an access token when the user logs on. Every process executed on behalf of the user has a copy of the access token. The token identifies the user, the user's groups, and the user's privileges. A token also contains a logon SID (Security Identifier) that identifies the current logon session.
You can see this information executing whoami /all
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whoami /all
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USER INFORMATION
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----------------
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User Name             SID
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===================== ============================================
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desktop-rgfrdxl\cpolo S-1-5-21-3359511372-53430657-2078432294-1001
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GROUP INFORMATION
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-----------------
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Group Name                                                    Type             SID                                                                                                           Attributes
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============================================================= ================ ============================================================================================================= ==================================================
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Mandatory Label\Medium Mandatory Level                        Label            S-1-16-8192
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Everyone                                                      Well-known group S-1-1-0                                                                                                       Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\Local account and member of Administrators group Well-known group S-1-5-114                                                                                                     Group used for deny only
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BUILTIN\Administrators                                        Alias            S-1-5-32-544                                                                                                  Group used for deny only
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BUILTIN\Users                                                 Alias            S-1-5-32-545                                                                                                  Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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BUILTIN\Performance Log Users                                 Alias            S-1-5-32-559                                                                                                  Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE                                      Well-known group S-1-5-4                                                                                                       Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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CONSOLE LOGON                                                 Well-known group S-1-2-1                                                                                                       Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users                              Well-known group S-1-5-11                                                                                                      Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\This Organization                                Well-known group S-1-5-15                                                                                                      Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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MicrosoftAccount\[email protected]                           User             S-1-11-96-3623454863-58364-18864-2661722203-1597581903-3158937479-2778085403-3651782251-2842230462-2314292098 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\Local account                                    Well-known group S-1-5-113                                                                                                     Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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LOCAL                                                         Well-known group S-1-2-0                                                                                                       Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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NT AUTHORITY\Cloud Account Authentication                     Well-known group S-1-5-64-36                                                                                                   Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
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PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
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----------------------
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Privilege Name                Description                          State
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============================= ==================================== ========
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SeShutdownPrivilege           Shut down the system                 Disabled
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SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking             Enabled
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SeUndockPrivilege             Remove computer from docking station Disabled
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SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set       Disabled
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SeTimeZonePrivilege           Change the time zone                 Disabled
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or using Process Explorer from Sysinternals (select process and access"Security" tab):
Local administrator
When a local administrator logins, two access tokens are created: One with admin rights and other one with normal rights. By default, when this user executes a process the one with regular (non-administrator) rights is used. When this user tries to execute anything as administrator ("Run as Administrator" for example) the UAC will be used to ask for permission.
If you want to learn more about the UAC read this page.
Credentials user impersonation
If you have valid credentials of any other user, you can create a new logon session with those credentials :
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runas /user:domain\username cmd.exe
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The access token has also a reference of the logon sessions inside the LSASS, this is useful if the process needs to access some objects of the network.
You can launch a process that uses different credentials for accessing network services using:
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runas /user:domain\username /netonly cmd.exe
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This is useful if you have useful credentials to access objects in the network but those credentials aren't valid inside the current host as they are only going to be used in the network (in the current host your current user privileges will be used).
Types of tokens
There are two types of tokens available:
Primary token: Primary tokens can only be associated to processes, and they represent a process's security subject. The creation of primary tokens and their association to processes are both privileged operations, requiring two different privileges in the name of privilege separation - the typical scenario sees the authentication service creating the token, and a logon service associating it to the user's operating system shell. Processes initially inherit a copy of the parent process's primary token.
Impersonation token: Impersonation is a security concept implemented in Windows NT that allows a server application to temporarily "be" the client in terms of access to secure objects. Impersonation has four possible levels:
anonymous, giving the server the access of an anonymous/unidentified user
identification, letting the server inspect the client's identity but not use that identity to access objects
impersonation, letting the server act on behalf of the client
delegation, same as impersonation but extended to remote systems to which the server connects (through the preservation of credentials).
The client can choose the maximum impersonation level (if any) available to the server as a connection parameter. Delegation and impersonation are privileged operations (impersonation initially was not, but historical carelessness in the implementation of client APIs failing to restrict the default level to "identification", letting an unprivileged server impersonate an unwilling privileged client, called for it). Impersonation tokens can only be associated to threads, and they represent a client process's security subject. Impersonation tokens are usually created and associated to the current thread implicitly, by IPC mechanisms such as DCE RPC, DDE and named pipes.
Impersonate Tokens
Using the incognito** module** of metasploit if you have enough privileges you can easily list and impersonate other tokens. This could be useful to perform actions as if you where the other user. You could also escalate privileges with this technique.
Token Privileges
Learn which token privileges can be abused to escalate privileges in this page.
Take a look to all the possible token privileges and some definitions on this external page.
References
Learn more about tokens in this tutorials: https://medium.com/@seemant.bisht24/understanding-and-abusing-process-tokens-part-i-ee51671f2cfa and https://medium.com/@seemant.bisht24/understanding-and-abusing-access-tokens-part-ii-b9069f432962​
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ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs

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Contents

Access Tokens

Local administrator

Credentials user impersonation

Types of tokens

Token Privileges

References