Rust Basics

Generic Types

Kreirajte strukturu gde bi 1 od njihovih vrednosti mogla biti bilo koji tip

struct Wrapper<T> {
value: T,
}

impl<T> Wrapper<T> {
pub fn new(value: T) -> Self {
Wrapper { value }
}
}

Wrapper::new(42).value
Wrapper::new("Foo").value, "Foo"

Option, Some & None

Tip Option znači da vrednost može biti tipa Some (ima nešto) ili None:

pub enum Option<T> {
None,
Some(T),
}

Možete koristiti funkcije kao što su is_some() ili is_none() da proverite vrednost Opcije.

Makroi

Makroi su moćniji od funkcija jer se šire da proizvedu više koda nego što ste ručno napisali. Na primer, potpis funkcije mora da deklarira broj i tip parametara koje funkcija ima. Makroi, s druge strane, mogu primiti promenljiv broj parametara: možemo pozvati println!("hello") sa jednim argumentom ili println!("hello {}", name) sa dva argumenta. Takođe, makroi se šire pre nego što kompajler interpretira značenje koda, tako da makro može, na primer, implementirati trait na datom tipu. Funkcija to ne može, jer se poziva u vreme izvođenja, a trait treba da bude implementiran u vreme kompajliranja.

macro_rules! my_macro {
() => {
println!("Check out my macro!");
};
($val:expr) => {
println!("Look at this other macro: {}", $val);
}
}
fn main() {
my_macro!();
my_macro!(7777);
}

// Export a macro from a module
mod macros {
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! my_macro {
() => {
println!("Check out my macro!");
};
}
}

Iterirati

// Iterate through a vector
let my_fav_fruits = vec!["banana", "raspberry"];
let mut my_iterable_fav_fruits = my_fav_fruits.iter();
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"banana"));
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"raspberry"));
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), None); // When it's over, it's none

// One line iteration with action
my_fav_fruits.iter().map(|x| capitalize_first(x)).collect()

// Hashmap iteration
for (key, hashvalue) in &*map {
for key in map.keys() {
for value in map.values() {

Rekurzivna Kutija

enum List {
Cons(i32, List),
Nil,
}

let list = Cons(1, Cons(2, Cons(3, Nil)));

Услови

if

let n = 5;
if n < 0 {
print!("{} is negative", n);
} else if n > 0 {
print!("{} is positive", n);
} else {
print!("{} is zero", n);
}

match

match number {
// Match a single value
1 => println!("One!"),
// Match several values
2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 => println!("This is a prime"),
// TODO ^ Try adding 13 to the list of prime values
// Match an inclusive range
13..=19 => println!("A teen"),
// Handle the rest of cases
_ => println!("Ain't special"),
}

let boolean = true;
// Match is an expression too
let binary = match boolean {
// The arms of a match must cover all the possible values
false => 0,
true => 1,
// TODO ^ Try commenting out one of these arms
};

petlja (beskonačna)

loop {
count += 1;
if count == 3 {
println!("three");
continue;
}
println!("{}", count);
if count == 5 {
println!("OK, that's enough");
break;
}
}

dok

let mut n = 1;
while n < 101 {
if n % 15 == 0 {
println!("fizzbuzz");
} else if n % 5 == 0 {
println!("buzz");
} else {
println!("{}", n);
}
n += 1;
}

за

for n in 1..101 {
if n % 15 == 0 {
println!("fizzbuzz");
} else {
println!("{}", n);
}
}

// Use "..=" to make inclusive both ends
for n in 1..=100 {
if n % 15 == 0 {
println!("fizzbuzz");
} else if n % 3 == 0 {
println!("fizz");
} else if n % 5 == 0 {
println!("buzz");
} else {
println!("{}", n);
}
}

// ITERATIONS

let names = vec!["Bob", "Frank", "Ferris"];
//iter - Doesn't consume the collection
for name in names.iter() {
match name {
&"Ferris" => println!("There is a rustacean among us!"),
_ => println!("Hello {}", name),
}
}
//into_iter - COnsumes the collection
for name in names.into_iter() {
match name {
"Ferris" => println!("There is a rustacean among us!"),
_ => println!("Hello {}", name),
}
}
//iter_mut - This mutably borrows each element of the collection
for name in names.iter_mut() {
*name = match name {
&mut "Ferris" => "There is a rustacean among us!",
_ => "Hello",
}
}

if let

let optional_word = Some(String::from("rustlings"));
if let word = optional_word {
println!("The word is: {}", word);
} else {
println!("The optional word doesn't contain anything");
}

while let

let mut optional = Some(0);
// This reads: "while `let` destructures `optional` into
// `Some(i)`, evaluate the block (`{}`). Else `break`.
while let Some(i) = optional {
if i > 9 {
println!("Greater than 9, quit!");
optional = None;
} else {
println!("`i` is `{:?}`. Try again.", i);
optional = Some(i + 1);
}
// ^ Less rightward drift and doesn't require
// explicitly handling the failing case.
}

Traits

Kreirajte novu metodu za tip

trait AppendBar {
fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}

impl AppendBar for String {
fn append_bar(self) -> Self{
format!("{}Bar", self)
}
}

let s = String::from("Foo");
let s = s.append_bar();
println!("s: {}", s);

Тестови

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
#[test]
fn you_can_assert() {
assert!(true);
assert_eq!(true, true);
assert_ne!(true, false);
}
}

Threading

Arc

Arc može koristiti Clone da kreira više referenci na objekat kako bi ih prosledio nitima. Kada poslednji pokazivač na vrednost izađe iz opsega, promenljiva se uklanja.

use std::sync::Arc;
let apple = Arc::new("the same apple");
for _ in 0..10 {
let apple = Arc::clone(&apple);
thread::spawn(move || {
println!("{:?}", apple);
});
}

Threads

U ovom slučaju ćemo proslediti niti promenljivu koju će moći da modifikuje

fn main() {
let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_completed: 0 }));
let status_shared = Arc::clone(&status);
thread::spawn(move || {
for _ in 0..10 {
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
let mut status = status_shared.lock().unwrap();
status.jobs_completed += 1;
}
});
while status.lock().unwrap().jobs_completed < 10 {
println!("waiting... ");
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
}
}