DOM XSS

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DOM Vulnerabilities

Vikosi vya DOM vinatokea wakati data kutoka kwa vyanzo vinavyodhibitiwa na mshambuliaji (kama location.search, document.referrer, au document.cookie) inahamishwa kwa usalama kwenda sinks. Sinks ni kazi au vitu (mfano, eval(), document.body.innerHTML) ambavyo vinaweza kutekeleza au kuonyesha maudhui hatari ikiwa vitapewa data mbaya.

• Vyanzo ni ingizo ambalo linaweza kubadilishwa na washambuliaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na URLs, cookies, na ujumbe wa wavuti.

• Sinks ni maeneo hatari ambapo data mbaya inaweza kusababisha athari mbaya, kama vile utekelezaji wa script.

Hatari inatokea wakati data inatiririka kutoka chanzo hadi sink bila uthibitisho au usafi sahihi, ikiruhusu mashambulizi kama XSS.

You can find a more updated list of sources and sinks in https://github.com/wisec/domxsswiki/wiki

Vyanzo vya kawaida:

document.URL
document.documentURI
document.URLUnencoded
document.baseURI
location
document.cookie
document.referrer
window.name
history.pushState
history.replaceState
localStorage
sessionStorage
IndexedDB (mozIndexedDB, webkitIndexedDB, msIndexedDB)
Database

Common Sinks:

Open Redirect	Javascript Injection	DOM-data manipulation	jQuery
location	eval()	scriptElement.src	add()
location.host	Function() constructor	scriptElement.text	after()
location.hostname	setTimeout()	scriptElement.textContent	append()
location.href	setInterval()	scriptElement.innerText	animate()
location.pathname	setImmediate()	someDOMElement.setAttribute()	insertAfter()
location.search	execCommand()	someDOMElement.search	insertBefore()
location.protocol	execScript()	someDOMElement.text	before()
location.assign()	msSetImmediate()	someDOMElement.textContent	html()
location.replace()	range.createContextualFragment()	someDOMElement.innerText	prepend()
open()	crypto.generateCRMFRequest()	someDOMElement.outerText	replaceAll()
domElem.srcdoc	``Local file-path manipulation	someDOMElement.value	replaceWith()
XMLHttpRequest.open()	FileReader.readAsArrayBuffer()	someDOMElement.name	wrap()
XMLHttpRequest.send()	FileReader.readAsBinaryString()	someDOMElement.target	wrapInner()
jQuery.ajax()	FileReader.readAsDataURL()	someDOMElement.method	wrapAll()
$.ajax()	FileReader.readAsText()	someDOMElement.type	has()
``Ajax request manipulation	FileReader.readAsFile()	someDOMElement.backgroundImage	constructor()
XMLHttpRequest.setRequestHeader()	FileReader.root.getFile()	someDOMElement.cssText	init()
XMLHttpRequest.open()	FileReader.root.getFile()	someDOMElement.codebase	index()
XMLHttpRequest.send()	Link manipulation	someDOMElement.innerHTML	jQuery.parseHTML()
jQuery.globalEval()	someDOMElement.href	someDOMElement.outerHTML	$.parseHTML()
$.globalEval()	someDOMElement.src	someDOMElement.insertAdjacentHTML	Client-side JSON injection
``HTML5-storage manipulation	someDOMElement.action	someDOMElement.onevent	JSON.parse()
sessionStorage.setItem()	XPath injection	document.write()	jQuery.parseJSON()
localStorage.setItem()	document.evaluate()	document.writeln()	$.parseJSON()
**[**`Denial of Service`**](dom-xss.md#denial-of-service)**	someDOMElement.evaluate()	document.title	``Cookie manipulation
requestFileSystem()	``Document-domain manipulation	document.implementation.createHTMLDocument()	document.cookie
RegExp()	document.domain	history.pushState()	WebSocket-URL poisoning
Client-Side SQl injection	Web-message manipulation	history.replaceState()	WebSocket
executeSql()	postMessage()	``	``

The innerHTML sink doesn't accept script elements on any modern browser, nor will svg onload events fire. This means you will need to use alternative elements like img or iframe.

This kind of XSS is probably the hardest to find, as you need to look inside the JS code, see if it's using any object whose value you control, and in that case, see if there is any way to abuse it to execute arbitrary JS.

Tools to find them

• https://github.com/mozilla/eslint-plugin-no-unsanitized

• Browser extension to check every data that reaches a potential sink: https://github.com/kevin-mizu/domloggerpp

Examples

Open Redirect

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/open-redirection

Open redirect vulnerabilities in the DOM occur when a script writes data, which an attacker can control, into a sink capable of initiating navigation across domains.

It's crucial to understand that executing arbitrary code, such as javascript:alert(1), is possible if you have control over the start of the URL where the redirection occurs.

Sinks:

location
location.host
location.hostname
location.href
location.pathname
location.search
location.protocol
location.assign()
location.replace()
open()
domElem.srcdoc
XMLHttpRequest.open()
XMLHttpRequest.send()
jQuery.ajax()
$.ajax()

Cookie manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/cookie-manipulation

Vikosi vya usalama vya cookie vinavyotokana na DOM vinatokea wakati script inajumuisha data, ambayo inaweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji, katika thamani ya cookie. Uthibitisho huu unaweza kusababisha tabia isiyotarajiwa ya ukurasa wa wavuti ikiwa cookie itatumika ndani ya tovuti. Zaidi ya hayo, inaweza kutumika kutekeleza shambulio la fixation ya kikao ikiwa cookie inahusishwa na kufuatilia vikao vya watumiaji. Kichimbaji kikuu kinachohusishwa na uthibitisho huu ni:

Sinks:

document.cookie

JavaScript Injection

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/javascript-injection

Vikosi vya kuingiza JavaScript vinavyotokana na DOM vinaundwa wakati script inapoendesha data, ambayo inaweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji, kama msimbo wa JavaScript.

Sinks:

eval()
Function() constructor
setTimeout()
setInterval()
setImmediate()
execCommand()
execScript()
msSetImmediate()
range.createContextualFragment()
crypto.generateCRMFRequest()

Document-domain manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/document-domain-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za document-domain manipulation hutokea wakati script inapoweka mali ya document.domain kwa kutumia data ambayo mshambuliaji anaweza kudhibiti.

Mali ya document.domain ina jukumu muhimu katika utekelezaji wa sera ya asili sawa na vivinjari. Wakati kurasa mbili kutoka asili tofauti zinapoweka document.domain yao kwa thamani sawa, zinaweza kuingiliana bila vizuizi. Ingawa vivinjari vinaweka mipaka fulani kwenye thamani zinazoweza kuwekwa kwa document.domain, kuzuia uwekaji wa thamani zisizohusiana kabisa na asili halisi ya ukurasa, kuna visamaha. Kawaida, vivinjari vinaruhusu matumizi ya domain za mtoto au domain za mzazi.

Sinks:

document.domain

WebSocket-URL poisoning

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/websocket-url-poisoning

WebSocket-URL poisoning hutokea wakati script inatumia data zinazoweza kudhibitiwa kama URL ya lengo kwa ajili ya muunganisho wa WebSocket.

Sinks:

Mjenzi wa WebSocket unaweza kusababisha udhaifu wa WebSocket-URL poisoning.

Link manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/link-manipulation

Udhaifu wa DOM-based link-manipulation unatokea wakati script inaandika data zinazoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwenye lengo la urambazaji ndani ya ukurasa wa sasa, kama vile kiungo kinachoweza kubofywabofya au URL ya kuwasilisha ya fomu.

Sinks:

someDOMElement.href
someDOMElement.src
someDOMElement.action

Ajax request manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/ajax-request-header-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za uendeshaji wa ombi la Ajax zinatokea wakati script inaandika data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la Ajax ambalo linatolewa kwa kutumia XmlHttpRequest object.

Sinks:

XMLHttpRequest.setRequestHeader()
XMLHttpRequest.open()
XMLHttpRequest.send()
jQuery.globalEval()
$.globalEval()

Local file-path manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/local-file-path-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za usimamizi wa njia za faili za ndani zinatokea wakati script inapopita data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwa API ya usimamizi wa faili kama parameter ya filename. Vulnerability hii inaweza kutumika na mshambuliaji kuunda URL ambayo, ikiwa itatembelewa na mtumiaji mwingine, inaweza kusababisha kuvunjika au kuandika faili la ndani la kiholela kwenye kivinjari cha mtumiaji.

Sinks:

FileReader.readAsArrayBuffer()
FileReader.readAsBinaryString()
FileReader.readAsDataURL()
FileReader.readAsText()
FileReader.readAsFile()
FileReader.root.getFile()
FileReader.root.getFile()

Client-Side SQl injection

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-sql-injection

Vikosi vya SQL-injection upande wa mteja hutokea wakati script inajumuisha data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la SQL upande wa mteja kwa njia isiyo salama.

Sinks:

executeSql()

HTML5-storage manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/html5-storage-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za HTML5-storage manipulation zinatokea wakati script inaweka data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika hifadhi ya HTML5 ya kivinjari cha wavuti (localStorage au sessionStorage). Ingawa hatua hii si kasoro ya usalama kwa asili, inakuwa tatizo ikiwa programu itasoma data iliyohifadhiwa na kuiprocess kwa njia isiyo salama. Hii inaweza kumruhusu mshambuliaji kutumia mekanizma ya hifadhi kufanya mashambulizi mengine ya msingi wa DOM, kama vile cross-site scripting na JavaScript injection.

Sinks:

sessionStorage.setItem()
localStorage.setItem()

XPath injection

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-xpath-injection

Vikosi vya XPath-injection vinavyotokana na DOM hutokea wakati script inajumuisha data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la XPath.

Sinks:

document.evaluate()
someDOMElement.evaluate()

Client-side JSON injection

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-json-injection

Vikosi vya JSON-injection vinavyotokana na DOM hutokea wakati script inajumuisha data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika mfuatano ambao unachambuliwa kama muundo wa data wa JSON na kisha kushughulikiwa na programu.

Sinks:

JSON.parse()
jQuery.parseJSON()
$.parseJSON()

Web-message manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/web-message-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za ujumbe wa wavuti zinatokea wakati script inatuma data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kama ujumbe wa wavuti kwa hati nyingine ndani ya kivinjari. Mfano wa udanganyifu wa ujumbe wa wavuti unaweza kupatikana katika Akademia ya Usalama wa Wavuti ya PortSwigger.

Sinks:

Njia ya postMessage() ya kutuma ujumbe wa wavuti inaweza kusababisha udhaifu ikiwa msikilizaji wa tukio la kupokea ujumbe unashughulikia data inayokuja kwa njia isiyo salama.

DOM-data manipulation

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/dom-data-manipulation

Vulnerabilities za udanganyifu wa data ya DOM zinatokea wakati script inaandika data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwenye uwanja ndani ya DOM ambayo inatumika ndani ya UI inayoonekana au mantiki ya upande wa mteja. Udhaifu huu unaweza kutumiwa na mshambuliaji kujenga URL ambayo, ikiwa itatembelewa na mtumiaji mwingine, inaweza kubadilisha muonekano au tabia ya UI ya upande wa mteja.

Sinks:

scriptElement.src
scriptElement.text
scriptElement.textContent
scriptElement.innerText
someDOMElement.setAttribute()
someDOMElement.search
someDOMElement.text
someDOMElement.textContent
someDOMElement.innerText
someDOMElement.outerText
someDOMElement.value
someDOMElement.name
someDOMElement.target
someDOMElement.method
someDOMElement.type
someDOMElement.backgroundImage
someDOMElement.cssText
someDOMElement.codebase
document.title
document.implementation.createHTMLDocument()
history.pushState()
history.replaceState()

Denial of Service

From: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/denial-of-service

Vulnerabilities za denial-of-service zinazotokana na DOM hutokea wakati script inapopita data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwa njia isiyo salama kwa API ya jukwaa yenye matatizo. Hii inajumuisha APIs ambazo, zinapoitwa, zinaweza kusababisha kompyuta ya mtumiaji kutumia kiasi kikubwa cha CPU au nafasi ya diski. Vulnerabilities kama hizi zinaweza kuwa na athari kubwa, kama vile kivinjari kuzuia utendaji wa tovuti kwa kukataa juhudi za kuhifadhi data katika localStorage au kumaliza scripts zinazoshughulika.

Sinks:

requestFileSystem()
RegExp()

Dom Clobbering

Dom Clobbering

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